--The Asahi Shimbun, March 28 EDITORIAL: Minshinto’s task is to become viable foe of 'sole winner' Abe （社説）民進党発足 １強と対峙するには
Minshinto (The Democratic Party), formed from the merger between the Democratic Party of Japan and the Japan Innovation Party, was officially inaugurated at a party convention on March 27. The new party’s first task is to try to close the gap between the ardor of its members and the cool indifference of the public at large. 新たな旗のもとに集った議員の熱気と、国民の冷めた空気。まずは、この差を埋める努力から始めるしかない。
民主党と維新の党などの議員が合流し、新しい民進党としてきのう党大会を開いた。
Shiori Yamao, a 41-year-old Lower House member who made news headlines for confronting the Abe administration over the problem of children on waiting lists for child-care facilities, has been chosen to head the new party’s policy research committee. But since almost all party executives, including leader Katsuya Okada, have essentially retained their posts from their DPJ days, critics point out that the party name is the only thing that has changed. 待機児童問題で安倍政権を追及する若手の山尾志桜里氏を政調会長に起用したが、岡田代表らほとんどの役員が民主党からの横滑り。党名以外にどこが変わったのかとの批判もある。
The public’s chilly reaction is quite understandable. 冷ややかな視線を浴びるのも無理はない。
After coming into power in 2009 to end decades of rule by the Liberal Democratic Party, the DPJ did nothing but repeatedly betray the hopes of voters who were looking forward to a new era in Japanese politics. 自民党の長期政権に代わる新たな政治への期待を背負って０９年に発足した民主党政権は、国民の思いを裏切り続けた。
The DPJ proved itself incapable of living up to its campaign pledges. Its attempts at government led by politicians, rather than by bureaucrats, went nowhere. And the party eventually split over the controversial issue of a consumption tax hike. 実現できないマニフェスト、空回りした政治主導、そして消費増税をめぐる党の分裂。
The impression cannot be denied that the new Democratic Party did nothing more than welcome back to the fold some of the DPJ members who had broken away at that time. その時に出ていった議員の一部とよりを戻しただけだ、との印象はぬぐいようがない。
While the DPJ languished after its fall from power, the Abe administration consolidated a “sole winner” political system by winning three national elections in a row, starting with the 2012 Lower House election that was called upon the dissolution of the chamber by then Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda. 政権を失った民主党が立ちすくむうちに、安倍政権は、民主党の野田内閣による１２年の衆院解散から３度続けて国政選挙に勝ち、「１強」の政治体制を築いてきた。
Abe stresses that the LDP’s return to power has improved the economy, claiming there are 30 percent fewer bankruptcies on his watch than when the DPJ was at the helm. 安倍首相は「民主党政権時代より、企業倒産件数は約３割減った」などと、政権交代で経済は上向いたと強調する。
But on the other hand, the public’s discontent continues to run deep over growing social disparities and other issues, including that of children who cannot enter child-care facilities. 半面、格差の拡大や待機児童問題などへの国民の不満は根強い。
And as evidenced by his decision to allow Japan to exercise the right to collective self-defense and enact a divisive national security legislation, Abe has been walking a precarious path that may well lead the nation astray from its Constitution. 首相はまた、集団的自衛権の行使容認や安全保障法制に見られるように、憲法の枠組みを越えかねない危うい道を進む。
What lies at the end of the path is constitutional revision, the sole purpose of which is to change the Constitution itself. その先に見すえるのは「変えること」を目的とした憲法改正だ。
There are many frustrated voters who are apprehensive of the Abe administration’s style of politics but do not see any alternative. One indication of their frustration is that voter turnout languished just above 52 percent in the 2013 Upper House election as well as the 2014 Lower House poll. 安倍氏の政権運営に危うさは感じるが、ほかに選択肢が見あたらない――。こんなもどかしさを抱く有権者は多い。安倍政権のもとでの１３年参院選と１４年衆院選がいずれも５２％台の低投票率だったことは、そのひとつの証左だろう。
At the inaugural party convention, Okada expressed “deep remorse” for the DPJ’s failure to live up to the people’s expectations while it was in power. On that note, his party must take the first step forward. 岡田代表は党大会で、民主党政権時代に期待に応えられなかったことを「深く反省する」と語った。そのうえに、新たな一歩を踏み出すべきときだ。
As the largest opposition party with 156 Diet members, can the Democratic Party become a formidable opponent of the “sole winner” Abe administration? The answer to this holds the key to whether Japanese politics will emerge from its lethargy. 衆参で１５６人の野党第１党となる民進党が、１強に対峙（たいじ）しうる存在になれるかどうか。それが、政治に緊張感を取り戻せるかどうかのカギを握る。
“Liberty, coexistence and responsibility for the future” are the Democratic Party’s founding principles. The party promises to rectify disparities in education, employment and gender-related matters, and defend constitutionalism. The party is at least heading in the right direction. 民進党は「自由、共生、未来への責任」を結党の理念とし、教育、雇用、男女の三つの格差是正や立憲主義の堅持を打ち出すという。方向は妥当である。
But the only way in which it can regain the lost trust of the voting public is to commit itself to what every political party is tasked to undertake with patience, which is to heed the voice of each citizen and challenge the ruling party with concrete and persuasive policies. 国民一人ひとりの思いをすくいあげ、具体的で説得力ある政策として政権にぶつけ続ける。 政党にしかできないこの地道な作業を通じてしか、信頼を取り戻すことはできない。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 29 EDITORIAL: Diet must debate constitutionality of new security legislation （社説）安全保障法制の施行 「違憲」の法制、正す論戦を
The new national security legislation expanding the scope of Japan’s military operations took effect on March 29. 新たな安全保障法制がきょう施行された。
The ruling coalition, led by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s Liberal Democratic Party, rammed the legislation through the Diet in September in the face of anxiety and opposition among many citizens and criticism by constitutional scholars that it is unconstitutional. The controversial set of laws is now in force. 昨年９月、多くの市民の不安と反対、そして憲法専門家らの「違憲」批判を押し切って安倍政権が強行成立させた法制が、効力を持つことになる。
The legislation, composed of two statutes incorporating the content of 11 bills, significantly expands the scope of Self-Defense Forces operations outside Japan. It allows Japan to exercise its right to collective self-defense by changing the government’s interpretation of the Constitution. It also enables the SDF to provide logistical support to the forces of the United States and other countries and engage in a wider range of United Nations peacekeeping operations. １１本の法案を２本にまとめた法制には、憲法解釈の変更による集団的自衛権の行使容認、米軍など他国軍への兵站（へいたん）（後方支援）、国連平和維持活動（ＰＫＯ）の任務拡大など、幅広い自衛隊の海外活動が含まれる。
The Abe administration railroaded the broad security legislation through just one session of the Diet. Many observers say Abe was in a rush to get the legislation passed because he promised in his April 29 address to a Joint Meeting of the U.S. Congress to “achieve” the legislative reform “by this coming summer.” 安倍政権はこれだけ広範な法制を、わずか１会期の国会審議で成立させた。背景に、首相自身が昨年４月に訪米中の議会演説で「（法案を）夏までに成就させる」と約束した対米公約があった、との見方が強い。
After the legislation passed the Diet, Abe said he would “make tenacious efforts to explain” it to the public. But he has failed to deliver on his promise. 法制の成立後、首相は「これから粘り強く説明を行っていきたい」と語ったが、実行されていない。
The Diet debate on related issues since then has been far from sufficient. その後の国会審議も十分とは到底言えない。
CASTING A WIDE NET ■投網をかけるように
This situation represents a crisis of Japan’s constitutionalism, which means the government’s power is defined and limited by the Constitution. This extraordinary and dangerous situation must not be allowed to continue. 憲法が権力を縛る立憲主義の危機である。この異常事態を放置することはできない。
The “unconstitutional” legislation, not based on broad public consensus, should be rectified. It is necessary to sort out the content of the legislation so that at least the unconstitutional parts will be repealed. The Diet, especially the opposition camp, needs to play a vital role in this undertaking. 幅広い国民の合意を欠く「違憲」法制は正さねばならない。法制の中身を仕分けし、少なくとも違憲の部分は廃止する必要がある。国会、とりわけ野党が果たすべき役割は大きい。
The Abe administration has maintained that the legislation is constitutional because it only allows Japan to exercise its right to collective self-defense in limited situations. 安倍政権は、集団的自衛権の行使容認は限定的で、だから合憲だと説明してきた。
On the other hand, the administration has continued giving equivocal answers at the Diet to questions about the limits to the exercise of this right by Japan in an apparent attempt for the government to secure as much discretion as possible in assessing situations. 一方で、政府の裁量をできるだけ広く残そうと、「限定」の幅についてあいまいな国会答弁を繰り返してきた。
This will allow the government in power to interpret the scope of the limits in any manner it chooses. 時の政権の判断で、いかようにも解釈できる余地が残されている。
The administration’s move to make it possible for Japan to engage in collective self-defense operations was prompted primarily by the challenge of countering the growing military power of China through enhancing the deterrence provided by Japan’s security alliance with the United States. 集団的自衛権を容認した眼目は、中国にいかに対抗し、抑止力を高めるかにある。
Here’s the idea behind the move. Japan needs to ensure that U.S. forces will maintain their presence in the Asia-Pacific region while compensating for the relative decline in U.S. military power by enhancing the SDF and expanding its security cooperation with other countries in the region. 米軍をアジア太平洋地域に引き留め、そのパワーが相対的に低下しつつある分は、自衛隊の強化や地域諸国との連携によって補う。そんな考え方だ。
The legislation is designed to allow the SDF to operate in wide areas outside Japan by eliminating a broad range of obstacles and impediments to the SDF’s joint operations with U.S. forces. This approach can be likened to casting a wide net to catch as many fish in as wide an area as possible. 米軍との共同行動に支障を来さないよう、投網をかけるように幅広く、海外で自衛隊が動けるようにしておく。
This means the SDF will expand its joint military drills, information sharing and cooperation concerning military equipment with the forces of the United States and other countries. Such efforts will be made not just during security emergencies but in peacetime as well. 有事だけでなく平時から米軍など他国軍との共同訓練や情報共有、装備面での連携が進むことになる。
ARTICLE 9 AS BASIS FOR DIALOGUE ■９条を対話の基盤に
The problem is that the administration, to achieve its security policy goals, has relaxed the restrictions that the war-renouncing Article 9 of the Constitution had imposed on the SDF’s overseas operations. 問題は、そのために自衛隊の海外活動に一定の歯止めをかけてきた「９条の縛り」を緩めてしまったことだ。
At the end of February, the Commission on the Future of the Alliance, a study group comprising Japanese and American experts including Richard Armitage, a former U.S. deputy secretary of state, released a report titled “The U.S.-Japan Alliance to 2030.” ２月末、アーミテージ元国務副長官ら日米の有識者らによる日米安全保障研究会が「２０３０年までの日米同盟」という報告書をまとめた。
Stressing the importance for Tokyo and Washington to have a coordinated China strategy, the report urged Japan to “have fully funded, modern and highly capable military forces” and called on the two countries to “at least coordinate, and if possible integrate, their policies and actions elsewhere in Asia and beyond.” 日米の対中戦略の共有が不可欠だと強調し、「十分な予算に支えられた軍事力」「アジアやより広い地域で日米の政策、行動を可能ならば統合する」ことを日本に求めた。
This is a clear call for integrating the two nations’ security policy development and execution in all aspects, including defense budgeting. 防衛予算の拡大をはじめ、あらゆる面で日米の一体化をめざす方向だ。
But the national interests of the United States don’t necessarily coincide exactly with those of Japan with regard not only to how to respond to China’s rise but also to other key issues. だが、中国との関係に限らず、米国の利益と日本の利益は必ずしも一致しない。
The question facing Japan is if it can decline any strong security policy request from the United States, which has a history of launching misguided wars. 時に誤った戦争に踏み込む米国の強い要請を断れるのか。
Abe has said that Japan will make its own independent decisions as to whether it should exercise its right to collective self-defense. But will this be really possible for Japan when the effectiveness of Article 9 as a protection against the risk of becoming involved in overseas conflict has been seriously undermined? 集団的自衛権の行使について、首相は「（日本が）主体的に判断する」と答弁したが、９条という防波堤が揺らぐ今、本当にできるのか。
Japan should be well aware of the fact that the United States, while wary about China’s military buildup, has been working eagerly to build sturdy multiple channels of dialogue with the country. 留意すべきは、米国自身、中国を警戒しながらも重層的な対話のパイプ作りに腐心していることだ。
To protect its own peace, Japan should also pursue close dialogue and a broad range of cooperation with China. 日本も自らの平和を守るためには、中国との緊密な対話と幅広い協力が欠かせない。
The Abe administration, however, has been focusing its security policy efforts on bolstering Japan’s alliance with the United States, allowing erosion in the human interactions underpinning the bilateral ties with China. それなのに日本は日米同盟の強化に傾斜し、日中関係の人的基盤は細るばかりだ。
Given Japan’s geographical proximity to China and the complicated and troubled history of their bilateral relations, the Japanese government needs to perform a delicate balancing act in dealing with its neighboring giant. 中国に近い地理的な特性や歴史の複雑さを思えば、その関係はより微妙なかじ取りが求められる。
Japan should restrain itself from getting embroiled in U.S. military actions and stick to its traditional strictly defensive security policy to avoid an arms race with China. The functions of Article 9 can, and should, serve as a foundation for Japan’s efforts to strike a proper balance between deterrence and dialogue. 米国の軍事行動とは一線を画し、専守防衛を貫くことで軍拡競争を避ける。憲法９条の機能こそ、抑止と対話の均衡を保つための基盤となる。
DIET HAS A VITAL ROLE TO PLAY ■問われる国会の役割
An Upper House election will be held this summer. Simultaneous polls of both chambers of the Diet appear to be in the cards. 夏に参院選がある。衆参同日選の可能性も指摘されている。
In a move with significant political implications, the Abe administration has decided to postpone until after the Upper House poll some important new steps based on the security legislation. They include expanding the scope of Japan’s peacekeeping missions to allow SDF personnel to come to the assistance of members of U.N. and private-sector organizations and other countries’ troops who have come under attack during such operations. The administration has also delayed the introduction of a bill to revise Japan’s Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement with the United States to expand the SDF’s logistic support for U.S. forces. そんななか安倍政権は、平時の米艦防護やＰＫＯに派遣する自衛隊の「駆けつけ警護」、米軍への兵站を拡大する日米物品役務相互提供協定（ＡＣＳＡ）改定案の国会提出など、安保法制にもとづく新たな動きを参院選後に先送りしている。
The Abe administration is again concentrating its political energy on economic issues before a key election with a clear intention to shift the focus of its policy discourse to security topics after the poll. The administration adopted the same strategy for its initiatives to enact the state secrets protection law and the security legislation. 選挙前は「経済」を掲げ、選挙が終われば「安保」にかじを切る。特定秘密保護法も安保法制も同じパターンだった。
This time, too, the administration will try to push through the related measures all at once if the ruling camp is victorious in the election. 政権は今回も、選挙に勝てば一気に進めようとするだろう。
The Abe administration has taken a series of foreign and security policy measures aimed at concentrating power in the hands of the government. They include the enactment of the state secrets protection law and the creation of the National Security Council. 安倍政権は特定秘密保護法、国家安全保障会議（ＮＳＣ）の創設など、政府への権限を集中させる外交・安保施策を次々と打ち出してきた。
That has made it all the more important for the Diet to perform its function of checking the actions of the executive branch. But the Diet’s performance has been deeply disappointing. だからこそ、国会のチェック機能が重要なのに、肝心の国会が心もとない。
The Diet has not even bothered to consider the joint opposition bill to repeal the security legislation or the counterproposals made by the opposition parties. This fact is a clear and undeniable sign that the Diet has become dysfunctional. 野党が共同で提出した安保法制の廃止法案や対案を審議すらしない現状が、国会の機能不全を物語る。
The opposition parties have a crucial mission to carry out. They need to expand electoral cooperation among themselves and strengthen their solidarity with citizens. 野党の使命は極めて重い。政党間の選挙協力を着実に進め、市民との連帯を広げる。
They also have to protect the nation’s constitutionalism and redress the “unconstitutional” legislation. The mission requires fresh and serious debate on the future of politics in this nation. 立憲主義を守り、「違憲」の法制を正す。それは、日本の政治のあり方を問い直す議論でもある。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 27 EDITORIAL: Nuclear power proponents still scoffing at public safety concerns （社説）原発停止命令 国民の不安を直視せよ
An Otsu District Court injunction has suspended operations of two reactors at Kansai Electric Power Co.’s Takahama nuclear power plant in Fukui Prefecture, one of which was online. Again, the significance of that development should be taken to heart. 大津地裁の仮処分決定で、関西電力高浜原発（福井県）の運転が差し止められた意義をいま一度しっかり考えたい。
Proponents of nuclear power, in particular, should squarely face up to the public anxiety that lies in the backdrop of the court decision. とりわけ原発を推進する立場の人たちは、司法判断の背後にある国民の不安を直視すべきだ。
But instead they are boiling with disgruntlement. 推進側では不満が渦巻く。
“Why is a single district court judge allowed to trip up the government’s energy policy?” Kazuo Sumi, a vice chairman of the Kansai Economic Federation, said resentfully. “We could demand damages (from the residents who requested the injunction) if we were to win the case at a higher court,” Kansai Electric President Makoto Yagi said, although he prefaced his remark with a proviso that he is arguing only in general terms. 関西経済連合会の角和夫副会長は「なぜ一地裁の裁判官によって国のエネルギー政策に支障をきたすことが起こるのか」と憤り、関電の八木誠社長は一般論と前置きしつつ、「逆転勝訴すれば（住民側への）損害賠償請求は考えうる」と発言した。
The government is maintaining a wait-and-see attitude. 一方、国は静観を続ける。
The decision called into question the appropriateness of the Nuclear Regulation Authority’s new regulation standards and government-approved plans for evacuations in case of an emergency. 決定は、原子力規制委員会の新規制基準や、政府が了承した住民避難計画の妥当性に疑問を投げかけた。
But NRA Chairman Shunichi Tanaka argued, “Our standards are nearing the world’s top level.” だが田中俊一規制委員長は「基準は世界最高レベルに近づいている」と反論。
And the government has no plans to review its emergency evacuation plans. It has only reiterated that it will “proceed with restarts of nuclear reactors in paying respect to NRA decisions.” 政府も避難計画は見直さず、「規制委の判断を尊重して再稼働を進める」と繰り返すばかりだ。
The Otsu decision is the third court order issued against the operation of nuclear reactors since the meltdowns five years ago at Tokyo Electric Power Co.’s Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant. ５年前の東京電力福島第一原発事故後、裁判所が原発の運転停止を命じたのは大津で３件目だ。
There has, in fact, been no fixed trend in court decisions. Another court rejected residents’ request last year for an injunction against reactor restarts at Kyushu Electric Power Co.’s Sendai nuclear plant in Kagoshima Prefecture. But courts appear to be playing a more active role now than before the Fukushima disaster. 九州電力川内原発では昨年、住民側の申し立てが却下されるなど、司法判断も一様とはいえないものの、事故前に比べ、より積極的な役割を果たそうとする傾向は明らかだ。
The nuclear proponents’ reactions reveal an underlying thinking: “The use of nuclear power is indispensable for Japan, which does not abound in energy resources. The government set up the NRA following the Fukushima disaster to increase expert control. Regional utilities have also taken safety enhancement measures. Courts are therefore asked not to meddle.” エネルギー資源が乏しい日本に原発は欠かせず、事故後、国は規制委をつくって専門的なチェックを強めた。電力各社も安全性向上に取り組んできた。だから裁判所の口出しは余計だ――。推進側の反応からはそんな考え方が透けて見える。
But they should have a deeper understanding that this argument is no longer convincing to the public and court judges. だがそれでは、国民も裁判官も納得しない時代になっていることをもっと理解すべきだ。
Some critics say the latest decision deviated from the 1992 Supreme Court ruling saying that decisions on the safety of nuclear plants should be made by administrative organs on the basis of expert opinions. But that argument is also off the mark. 「原発の安全性は専門家の意見を踏まえた行政の判断に委ねるべきだ」という９２年の最高裁判決を逸脱している、との批判もあたらない。
The ruling, given in a case over Shikoku Electric Power Co.’s Ikata nuclear plant, certainly presented that point of view. But it also stated that the objective of safety regulations based on the Law on the Regulation of Nuclear Source Material, Nuclear Fuel Material and Reactors is to “make sure that no serious disaster will happen by any chance.” 四国電力伊方原発をめぐるこの判決はそういう考えを示す一方で、原子炉等規制法に基づく安全規制の目的について「深刻な災害が万が一にも起こらないようにするため」としている。
A safety net, left in the hands of experts, collapsed all too easily during the Fukushima disaster, turning the phrase “by any chance” into reality. 福島では、専門家任せの安全網がもろくも崩れ、「万が一」が現実になった。
Courts, which are the guardians of law, should rather be commended for trying to find out independently, to the extent that they can, if there is enough preparedness when a nuclear reactor will be restarted. 再び原発を動かすとき、備えは十分か。法の番人である裁判所が、できる限り独自に確かめるのはむしろ望ましい姿勢といえよう。
The latest alarm bell sounded by the judiciary sector provides an opportunity to ask once again why all the safety measures taken after the Fukushima nuclear disaster are still struggling to win the trust of the public. なぜ事故後に積み重ねた対策でも国民の信頼が得られないのか。司法からの警鐘は、それを問い直すきっかけにすべきだ。
The Fukushima disaster changed the awareness of the public. The judiciary sector was also affected. 原発事故を経て、国民の意識は変わった。司法もその影響を受けている。
It is high time for a change among nuclear proponents. 原発を推進してきた側も、変わるべき時だ。
March 27, 2016 (Mainichi Japan) Kaleidoscope of the Heart: Recognizing others' kindness 香山リカのココロの万華鏡: 「かさじぞう」になろう ／東京
I am often asked which types of people are likely to experience emotional disorders. Truthfully speaking, the answer is "anyone." 「どんな性格の人が心の病になりやすいですか」という質問をよく受ける。正しく答えるならば「どんな人でもなります」だろう。
While even intransigent or unkind persons are sometimes known to experience depression, it is also true that a large number of the patients who visit my office could be characterized as people who are considerate and serious. 気が強い人、意地悪な人でも、うつ病などになるときはなる。 ただ、診察室にいると「やさしい人やおとなしい人が多いな」という気はする。
Despite feeling unwell and suffering from illness themselves, quite a few such persons often say thoughtful things to me such as, "You are looking a little pale. Are you feeling tired?" つらくて病院に来ているのに「先生、顔色がよくないけれど疲れてませんか？」と気づかってくれる人も少なくない。
I suppose that this is a tendency among kind people to go out of their way to do things for others, even if this means inconveniencing themselves -- and often using up all of their energy in the process. やさしい人はそうやって、「自分よりまわりの誰か」のために心を砕き、無理をしてでも何かをしてあげて、そしてエネルギーを使い果たしてしまうのかもしれない。
Sometimes I struggle when thinking about this matter, since it would seem as if kindness is somehow a demerit, while those who think exclusively of themselves end up enjoying benefits. 「では、やさしいというのは短所なのだろうか。結局、自分のことしか考えない人のほうが得をするのだろうか」とときどき悩んでしまう。
To be sure, people who defiantly take an attitude of "I was not the one at fault" no matter what the situation at hand, and who consistently blame others without looking at themselves, likely never end up practicing self-reproach or facing exhaustion. たしかに、何があっても「悪いのは私じゃない」と開き直り、自分を棚に上げてまわりの人を責めてばかりいれば、自分を責めたり気疲れをしたりすることはなさそう。
Faced with the question of whether one might like to live in a society where everyone thinks only of their own well-being, however, and acts accordingly, I would wager to guess that most people would answer negatively. とはいえ、そうやってみんなが「自分さえよければよい」とばかりに自分勝手に振る舞う社会に住みたいかと言われれば、誰もが「それはいやだ」と言うだろう。
Small, thoughtful actions and consideration -- such as allowing others to pass in front of you on the street, or saying you are fine when asked how you are feeling to avoid causing others worry, even though you are actually feeling tired -- seem to help preserve the tranquility of everyday society. 「お先にどうぞ」と道をゆずり合い、疲れていてもときには「私は平気」とにっこり笑って心配をかけないようにする。 「いまこの人は元気かな」と目の前にいる人の様子をさぐってみる。そんなちょっとした気づかいや遠慮、やせがまんがあってこそ、世の中はなんとかうまく穏やかさを保っているのではないだろうか。
So what can be done to avoid thoughtful people becoming hurt, as well as to make sure that persons who are deeply considerate of others do not become tired to the point of exhaustion? では、どうすればそんなやさしい人が傷ついたり、遠慮深い人が疲れて倒れたりするのを防ぐことができるのか。
In my view, the answer seems to lie in the act of someone recognizing this type of thoughtfulness -- and then saying something like "Thank you" or "Please don't push yourself" to the person who is exercising it. 私はやはり、その人たちの思いやりに誰かが気づき、「ありがとう」「無理しすぎないでね」と声をかけてあげることではないかと思うのだ。
In reality, however, people these days are so occupied with their own personal issues that they simply pretend not to notice the presence of an overly considerate person -- and many of them will even go as far as to use such persons for the purposes of their own personal benefit. ところがいまは、誰もが自分のことで精いっぱい、やさしすぎる人がいたとしても見て見ぬふりをして踏み台にする人さえ少なくない。
There is an old Japanese fable titled the "kasa jizou" -- "straw hat bodhisattva" -- which tells the story of an elderly couple who give their last straw hat to a bodhisattva statue to protect it from the snowy cold, and are later rewarded by a visit from the statue bearing gifts of food. Through this tale, we understand that acts of kindness end up by eventually becoming rewarded. I wonder whether a modern-day version of this scenario exists, wherein people reward others by telling them, "I see your thoughtful actions." むかし話なら、「かさじぞう」のようにやさしい人はいつか報われる。現代の世の中に「あなたのやさしさを見ていましたよ」と言って、贈りものなどをしてくれる誰かはいるだろうか。
While I try to do my own part by acting as a "straw hat bodhisattva" in my office, it is unfortunate that the people who come to me are already exhausted and facing conditions such as depression. せめて診察室の「かさじぞう」になりたい、と思っているが、来る人たちはすでに疲れすぎてうつ病などになっているのが残念だ。
It is my great hope that you, too, will become a "straw hat bodhisattva" by speaking up and letting someone know that their kindness has not gone unnoticed. 「あなたのやさしさ、知っていますよ」と誰かに声をかけてあげる「かさじぞう」に、あなたもなってほしい。
March 26, 2016 (Mainichi Japan) Editorial: 40-year reactor life rule must prevail over profitability 伊方１号機廃炉 採算より４０年ルールだ
Shikoku Electric Power Co. has decided to decommission the No. 1 reactor at the Ikata nuclear power complex in Ehime Prefecture, as the reactor will have been in operation 40 years come September next year. 四国電力は、来年９月で運転開始からまる４０年となる伊方原発１号機（愛媛県）の廃炉を決めた。
In the wake of the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant disaster, the government has set a new rule limiting the operational life of reactors to 40 years, in principle. An extension of up to 20 years can be granted by the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA). Ikata nuclear plant operator Shikoku Electric Power Co. had sought to have the No. 1 reactor's lifespan extended, but abandoned the idea after finding the enormous safety improvement costs would make it unprofitable to keep the reactor running. 東京電力福島第１原発事故後、政府は原発の運転期間を原則４０年とする新ルールを定めた。原子力規制委員会の許認可を受ければ、最長で２０年延長できる。四電は伊方１号機の運転延長を目指したが、多額の安全対策費が必要となるため、採算性がないと判断したという。
Reactor pressure vessels are said to deteriorate in 40 years due to being bombarded by neutrons. From the viewpoint of ensuring nuclear plant safety, reactors over 40 years of age need to be decommissioned, regardless of their profitability. It is hoped that Shikoku Electric's decision will set a precedent for other power companies. ４０年は、圧力容器が中性子の照射を受けて劣化する目安とされる。原発の安全性確保の観点からは、採算性とは関係なく、廃炉にしていく必要がある。今回の四電の決定をルール定着につなげたい。
Five other reactors around the 40-year limit are already set to be decommissioned, including the No. 1 and 2 reactors at Kansai Electric Power Co.'s Mihama nuclear plant in Fukui Prefecture, and the No. 1 reactor at Kyushu Electric Power Co.'s Genkai nuclear station in Saga Prefecture -- decisions made in March last year. With the decommissioning of the Ikata plant's No. 1 reactor, the number of reactors in Japan will be reduced to 42. 運転開始から４０年となる老朽原発を巡っては昨年３月、関西電力美浜１、２号機（福井県）や九州電力玄海原発１号機（佐賀県）など５基の廃炉が決まった。伊方１号機も廃炉になれば日本の原発は４２基に減る。
The six reactors facing decommissioning are relatively small, with output in the 300,000 to 500,000 kilowatt range. More recent reactors can generate 1 million kilowatts each. 廃炉が決まった６基はいずれも出力が３０万キロワット級から５０万キロワット級で、１００万キロワット級が主流となったその後の原発と比べると規模が小さい。
The decision over whether to decommission reactors is left up to each utility, and behind Kansai Electric and Kyushu Electric's decisions to decommission the aforementioned reactors also lay the issue of profitability. The smaller the output of a reactor is, the less profitable it is considering the massive cost of safety measures. 廃炉の判断は電力会社に任されており、四電以外の電力会社が廃炉に踏み切ったのも採算性の問題だ。規模が小さな原子炉では、多額の安全対策費をかけても、それに見合う発電電力量が得られないためだ。
Meanwhile, Kansai Electric has applied to the NRA to extend the service life of the No. 1 and 2 reactors at the Takahama nuclear plant, and the No. 3 reactor at the Mihama plant, both in Fukui Prefecture. The utility decided that those reactors -- which can each generate about 800,000 kilowatts -- will be profitable enough even with the immense safety costs. 一方、関電は、出力が８０万キロワット級の高浜原発１、２号機と美浜３号機（いずれも福井県）の運転延長を規制委に申請中だ。安全対策費をかけても割に合うと判断したからだ。
However, aging reactors are fraught with more problems than deteriorating pressure vessels. The longer it has been since a reactor entered operation, the fewer engineers there are who can pass down legacy technologies. Some experts point out that there is a limit to how much the safety of elderly reactors can be improved because their design concept itself is outdated. The question of decommissioning a reactor and its output and economic efficiency should be considered separately. しかし、老朽原発には、圧力容器の劣化以外にも問題がある。運転開始から時間がたつほど、古い技術の継承者はいなくなる。設計思想自体が古いため、安全性の向上には限界があるという指摘もある。廃炉の判断と原発の出力や経済性とは、切り離して考えるべきなのだ。
Furthermore, utilities face a host of other challenges to moving ahead with steady decommissioning. 廃炉を着実に進めるためには、その他にも課題が山積している。
First and foremost, the final disposal site for the colossal amount of radioactive waste that will be generated by dismantling reactors has yet to be decided. There are not even regulatory standards for disposing of the severely contaminated inner components of reactors. まず、原発の解体で生じる大量の放射性廃棄物の最終処分先が決まっていない。原子炉内の部品など汚染が激しいものについては、処分のための規制基準すらまだない。
It is also imperative to secure storage locations for spent nuclear fuel generated by nuclear plants. Under the government's nuclear fuel cycle policy, spent fuel had been destined for the reprocessing plant in Rokkasho, Aomori Prefecture. However, the plant is under safety review by the NRA, and there is no prospect of it becoming operational anytime soon. 原発の使用済み核燃料を保管する場所の確保も重要だ。政府が掲げる核燃料サイクル路線に基づけば、最終的には青森県六ケ所村の再処理工場に運ばれる。だが、再処理工場は規制委の安全審査中で、稼働時期のめどは立っていない。
Power companies and the government need to overcome these challenges. 電力会社や政府は、こうした問題を克服していく必要がある。
Reactor decommissioning seriously affects regional economies and the finances of local governments dependent on nuclear plant hosting subsidies. 廃炉は、原発関連の交付金などに頼ってきた地元自治体の財政や地域経済にも大きく影響する。
The central government's support is indispensable in associating the decommissioning business with regional revitalization, among other measures. 廃炉ビジネスと地域振興を結びつけるなど、政府の支援も欠かせない。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 24 EDITORIAL: A more sincere attitude needed in new talks on Futenma issue （社説）政府と沖縄県 分断を埋める協議に
The government and Okinawa Prefecture on March 23 started a fresh round of talks over the plan to relocate the functions of the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma from Ginowan, a crowded city in central Okinawa, to the Henoko district of Nago. The two sides held the first of a series of meetings in accordance with a court-mediated agreement they reached earlier in March to stop their legal battle over the plan. 米軍普天間飛行場の名護市辺野古への移設をめぐる裁判の和解を受け、政府と沖縄県がきのう初めての協議に臨んだ。
The talks should be used to heal the bitter division between the two sides over the issue. この協議を両者の分断を埋める機会にしなければならない。
That requires both the Abe administration and the Okinawa prefectural government to offer sincere and straightforward answers to questions posed by the other side as part of serious efforts to find common ground. そのためには互いの問いかけに正面から答え、接点を見いだす努力が求められる。
Unfortunately, however, the first session ended without any sign of progress toward the goal. だが残念ながら、初回の協議はすれ違いに終わった。
Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga refused to budge on the government’s official position that building a new military facility in Henoko to replace the Futenma base is the “only solution.” 菅官房長官は「辺野古が唯一の解決策」との姿勢を変えなかった。
Okinawa Governor Takeshi Onaga later said he had urged the administration to abandon this position and make sincere efforts to bring the negotiations forward. これに対し、翁長雄志知事は「辺野古が唯一の解決策というかたくなな固定観念に縛られないで、真摯（しんし）に協議を進めるよう求めた」と語った。
What the administration needs to understand is that without solid support and cooperation from the local communities involved, a security architecture would inevitably stand on a fragile foundation. 考えるべきなのは、地元の理解と協力を欠いた安全保障の基盤は脆弱（ぜいじゃく）にならざるを得ないということである。
Building a new base in Henoko without an agreement with the prefectural government could jeopardize stable operations of U.S. military bases in Okinawa. That could undermine the stability of Japan’s entire national security system. 県との合意が得られないまま辺野古に新基地を造っても、沖縄の米軍基地は安定的な運用ができなくなる恐れがある。日本の安全保障は、かえって不安定な状況に陥りかねない。
The administration should use the new talks with the Okinawa government to work out specific steps to fulfill an important promise Prime Minister Shinzo Abe made to Onaga’s predecessor, Hirokazu Nakaima. At the end of 2013, Abe promised Nakaima, who approved land reclamation to build the base in Henoko, that operations of the Futenma air base would be terminated within five years. 政府がいま、なすべきは、県との協議にかかる期間を生かし、安倍首相が２０１３年末に仲井真弘多・前知事に約束した「普天間の５年以内の運用停止」の実現に向けて、具体的な検討に入ることだ。
Even if the relocation plan is implemented, the envisioned new base will be completed in fiscal 2022 at the earliest. The elimination of the danger posed by the Futenma base to the local communities must not be delayed until then. 辺野古移設が実現するとしても、どんなに早くても２０２２年度以降。それまでの間、普天間の危険性除去が棚上げされることがあってはならない。
The government has been taking measures to relocate part of the functions of the Futenma base to other places. It should expand the scope of these efforts and start seriously considering dispersing Futenma’s functions to locations outside the prefecture and outside Japan. 政府はこれまでも普天間の機能の分散を進めてきた。これをさらに進め、県外・国外への分散を真剣に検討すべきだ。
That requires the administration to hold talks not only with local governments in mainland Japan but also with the U.S. government. The administration should show it is committed to making every possible effort to solve the problem. そのためには、本土の自治体とも話し合い、米国とも協議に入る必要がある。 そうした姿勢こそ、政府に求めたい。
On March 23, the Abe administration proposed separate talks with Okinawa for an early return of half of the U.S. Marines jungle warfare training area in northern parts of Okinawa island. 政府はきのう、沖縄本島北部に広がる米軍北部訓練場の半分あまりの早期返還について、県との協議を提案した。
The proposal to return a “major portion” of the training area was included in the final report of the Special Action Committee on Okinawa (SACO), released in 1996. But it has yet to be implemented. ９６年の日米特別行動委員会（ＳＡＣＯ）の最終報告に盛り込まれたが、実現していない案件だ。
The administration has a duty to reduce the burden on Okinawa, but this should not be linked to the Henoko issue. 沖縄の負担軽減に努めるのは当然だが、辺野古移設とは別問題である。
To avoid creating unnecessary confusion within the local communities, the central government should carefully discuss the idea without trying to link the proposal to negotiations over the Henoko plan. 両者を関連づけ、地元に無用の混乱を招かないよう丁寧な議論をしてほしい。
One move the administration made after the court-mediated agreement was reached on March 4 has raised questions about its posture toward the talks for settling the dispute. 和解後の政府の姿勢にも疑問がある。
Before the talks began, the administration instructed Onaga to repeal the nullification of his predecessor’s approval of land reclamation in Henoko. 政府は県との協議を開く前に、辺野古埋め立ての承認取り消しを撤回するよう翁長知事に指示した。
Although the administration’s instruction was made according to the terms of the agreement, the move certainly does not signal a serious pursuit of a true settlement of the dispute. 和解条項に盛られた手続きだとはいえ、真の和解を望む態度とは程遠い。
The new talks should not be used to postpone the problem until a final court ruling on a new lawsuit over the issue is handed down. 今回の協議を、新たな訴訟の判決が確定するまでの問題の先送りに終わらせてはならない。
The administration has a heavy responsibility for ensuring that the talks will finally bring an end to this conflict. 政府の責任は極めて大きい。
The Yomiuri Shimbun World must review antiterrorism measures as ‘capital of Europe’ attacked ベルギーテロ 「欧州の首都」標的にした蛮行
The “capital of Europe” has become the site of a despicable terrorist act that indiscriminately targeted civilians. Such acts cannot be tolerated. 「欧州の首都」を舞台に、市民を無差別に狙った卑劣なテロである。断じて許されない。
The international community must tighten the noose further to contain terrorism. 国際社会は、テロ封じ込めに向けた包囲網を一段と強化せねばなるまい。
A series of terrorist bombings rocked the international airport and a subway station in the Belgian capital of Brussels, where the European Union is headquartered. More than 30 people were killed and over 200 others were injured in the attacks. 欧州連合（ＥＵ）本部があるベルギーの首都ブリュッセルの国際空港と地下鉄駅で、爆破テロが相次いで発生した。３０人以上が死亡し、２００人超が負傷した。
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militant group, which is based in Syria and Iraq, has claimed responsibility, denouncing Belgium for participating in the anti-ISIL coalition. シリアとイラクに拠点を置く過激派組織「イスラム国」は犯行声明を出し、ベルギーが有志連合による対「イスラム国」攻撃に参加していることを理由に挙げた。
The perpetrators include suicide bombers and a man still at large. Belgian authorities have been urged to speed up their investigation to ascertain the whole picture of the attacks. 犯行グループには、自爆犯のほか、逃亡した者もいる。ベルギー当局は、事件の捜査を急ぎ、犯行の全容を解明してもらいたい。
French President Francois Hollande said, “The whole of Europe has been struck by these attacks in Brussels.” It is vital for the security authorities of EU countries to enhance intelligence-sharing on terrorism-related matters. オランド仏大統領は「ブリュッセルへの攻撃は、欧州全体に対するものだ」と指摘した。ＥＵ各国の治安機関によるテロ関連情報の共有を進めることが重要だ。
With districts that are home to many Muslims, Brussels is known as a hotbed of radical Islamists in Europe. Just four days ago, a key surviving perpetrator of last November’s terrorist attacks on Paris was arrested in such a district, where he was hiding. ブリュッセルには、イスラム系住民が多数居住する地区があり、欧州のイスラム過激派の温床という一面も持つ。４日前には、昨年１１月のパリ同時テロで生き残った実行犯が、この地区の潜伏先で逮捕されたばかりだった。
An alarming point is the failure to prevent the terrorist attacks at the airport, a key facility under tight security by Belgian authorities. 深刻なのは、ベルギー当局の厳戒下にあった空港という重要施設でテロを防げなかったことだ。
Vulnerability highlighted
One of the perpetrators reportedly blew himself up near a check-in counter of an airline company before security screening for baggage. This appears to be a blind point for airport security. A review of measures against terrorism is needed. 犯人は、手荷物検査場の前にある航空会社のチェックインカウンター付近で自爆したという。警備の盲点だったのではないか。テロ対策の再検討が必要だろう。
A blast in a subway car took place at a station near the EU headquarters. Some observers speculate that the militant group carried out this outrage of mass killing, which has once again shaken Europe, in revenge for the arrest of the Paris attacks’ mastermind. 地下鉄の車両の爆発は、ＥＵ本部に近い駅で起きた。犯行グループがパリ同時テロ犯の逮捕に反発し、大量殺人で欧州を再び揺さぶる暴挙に出たとの見方もある。
To help suppress terrorist groups, the United States and European countries are being urged to bring an end to the Syrian civil war, which has allowed the rise of ISIL. 米欧や中東諸国には、「イスラム国」の台頭を許したシリア内戦を収束させ、テロ組織を掃討するさらなる努力が求められよう。
Japanese nationals were also involved in the bombing on the Brussels subway. One suffered serious injury while another was slightly hurt. About 220 Japanese companies have made inroads into Belgium, and about 5,400 Japanese nationals live in the country. 地下鉄爆破には日本人も巻き込まれ、１人が重傷、１人が軽傷を負った。ベルギーには、日本企業約２２０社が進出し、在留邦人も約５４００人に上る。
As many Japanese expatriates now work overseas, terrorism by radical Islamists is not someone else’s problem for Japan. 多数の邦人が海外で活動する今日、イスラム過激派のテロは日本にとっても、他人事ではない。
It is natural that Prime Minister Shinzo Abe strongly condemned the attacks in Brussels, saying, “We must work together with the international community in responding [to the attacks].” 安倍首相が今回の事件を強く非難し、「国際社会と連携して対応しなければならない」と述べたのは当然である。
Participants at the Ise-Shima Group of Seven summit meeting to be held in May face the task of working out specific antiterrorism measures, such as ways to cut off terrorist funding. The government should make every possible effort to review airport security and take other steps to prevent terrorist attacks. ５月に開かれる主要国首脳会議（伊勢志摩サミット）では、テロ資金源の遮断などの具体策を打ち出すことが課題となる。政府は、空港警備の再点検など、テロ阻止に万全を期すべきだ。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 23 EDITORIAL: Government's decentralization policy lacking full commitment （社説）省庁移転 骨太の理念が見えない
The government on March 22 announced its basic policy on the relocation of central government ministries and agencies to outside the greater Tokyo metropolitan area. Now, we have to wonder how serious the government was in the first place about its relocation plans. 結局どこまで本気だったのか。疑問が残る。
As part of the Abe administration's much touted regional revitalization initiative, the government had widely called on prefectural governments to host the central government ministries and agencies that were being considered for relocation. But, as it turned out, only the Agency for Cultural Affairs will be moving from Tokyo to Kyoto for certain in a few years. 政府が関係機関の地方移転に関する基本方針を決定した。安倍政権の地方創生の目玉で、自治体に広く誘致を呼びかけてきたが、中央省庁では文化庁が数年以内に京都へ移転することだけが本決まりとなった。
The government will conduct further studies and make its final decision by the end of August regarding the relocation of the Consumer Affairs Agency and the Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which have been invited, respectively, by Tokushima and Wakayama prefectures. 徳島県が誘致した消費者庁と、和歌山県が求めた総務省統計局は検証を重ね、８月末までに結論を出すという。
But as for the relocation of the Small and Medium Enterprise Agency, the Patent Office, the Japan Tourism Agency and the Japan Meteorological Agency, in which five prefectures have shown interest, the government decided not to pursue the matter any further, noting that "these agencies' functions cannot be expected to be maintained or improved" by moving them out of Tokyo. だが、５道府県が誘致した中小企業、特許、観光、気象の４庁は「機能の維持・向上が期待できない」などと見送られた。
Also, many local governments had offered to host various research and training institutions that are now in Tokyo, but only one institution will be fully relocating. 研究・研修機関も多くの自治体が誘致したが、全面移転は１機関のみだ。
Japan's declining population renders the decentralization of government functions an urgent matter. Shigeru Ishiba, the minister in charge of regional revitalization, pointed out the symbolic significance of doing so when he said, "The government cannot make any persuasive case (in favor of the relocation of its ministries and agencies) if it doesn't do anything about it and only asks businesses to move out of Tokyo." But such an argument seems to have petered out. 人口減少時代に入った日本で、東京一極集中の是正は急務だ。政府機関移転には「自分たちが何もしないで企業に地方移転をお願いしても説得力がない」（石破茂地方創生相）という象徴的な意義があったはずだが、尻すぼみの印象だ。
The biggest problem seems to be that the government lacked any big-picture perspective on how to redefine government functions in their entirety. 最大の問題は、政府全体のあり方をどう見直すかという視点が欠けていたことではないか。
Without a clear, firm idea of which ministries and agencies should be relocated where, the relocation policy lacks substance. 一極集中を是正するにはどの機関をどこへ再配置すべきか。しっかりした理念がなければ、形だけに終わりかねない。
Ministry and agency officials are kept busy by Diet-related duties, and the adverse effects of forcing them to commute long hours have been discussed for years. Such concerns should have led to discussions on coordinating inter-ministerial responsibilities and transferring functions that do not have to be carried out in Tokyo to outside the capital. 国会対応に縛られる省庁の職員が、長時間勤務を強いられる弊害は言われて久しい。省庁同士の役割を整理したり、東京で担う必要がない業務を地方に移管したりすることを考えるきっかけにもできたはずだ。
But discussions within the government were effectively limited only to how to maintain the current functions after the ministries or agencies move out of Tokyo, and failed to address broader issues, such as organizational reforms. しかし政府内の議論は、省庁を地方に移しても、現状の機能が維持できるかにほぼ終始し、組織や業務のあり方を改革する方向に踏み込まなかった。
The government's just-announced relocation policy includes the reinforcement or even creation of local offices of some of the ministries and agencies. This gives us concern that the government may even be thinking of organizational expansion. 基本方針には一部の省庁・機関の地方拠点の強化や新設も盛り込まれた。これでは組織肥大化の懸念さえぬぐえない。
The Cultural Affairs Agency, which is the only entity relocating out of Tokyo, is a successful case of the Kyoto business community's persistent efforts to bring the agency there. Kyoto is the heart of Japan's traditional culture. We hope the parties concerned will carefully proceed with the relocation, with close attention to every detail, to ensure that the agency will take advantage of being located in Kyoto and enrich the administration of cultural affairs. 唯一移転する文化庁は、京都政財界の強い働きかけが実った。京都は伝統文化の集積地だ。現場に身を置くメリットを生かし、移転が豊かな文化行政につながるよう、詳細設計を丁寧に進めてほしい。
Under Minister Taro Kono, the Consumer Affairs Agency is as interested as the Cultural Affairs Agency in moving out of Tokyo. However, its planned relocation to Tokushima Prefecture has been put on the back burner for now "for fear that the move may negatively affect the agency's intended function as a consumer protection organ." 文化庁と並んで河野太郎消費者相が移転に前向きな消費者庁は、「消費者保護の機能が低下するのでは」という懸念から、徳島移転の結論が持ち越された。
We hope the final decision will be made after thorough debate, not in a top-down manner, so that the public will support the decision. トップダウンで決めず、国民が納得できるような形で議論を尽くしてもらいたい。
It is unfortunate that the most powerful ministries were never considered for relocation, and there were no offers from regional governments to host them, either. 残念なのは、特に大きな権限を持つ府省本体が、移転候補にあがらなかったことだ。地方側に誘致の動きもなかった。
The announcement of the government's relocation policy should not be the cue for ending all conversations on the subject. We must continue striving to define the sort of government organizations that meet the needs of our times. 移転論議をこれで終わりにせず、時代に合った政府機構のあり方をしっかり考えていくべきだ。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 21 EDITORIAL: Politicians bully Korean school students for acts of Pyongyang （社説）朝鮮学校補助 子どもらに責任はない
Korean schools across Japan are attended by Korean residents’ children, who are taught subjects in line with Japan’s official curriculum guidelines and also learn Korean language and culture. 全国各地にある朝鮮学校は、在日コリアンの子どもたちが通っている。日本の学習指導要領に準じた各教科のほか、民族の言葉や文化も学ぶ。
Almost all of these schools are in financial distress. Many local governments of areas hosting Korean schools provide the institutions with subsidies similar to the financial support received by private Japanese schools and other international schools. どの学校も財政的に運営は厳しく、所在地の自治体の多くが他の私学や国際系の学校と同じように、補助金を出している。
But some politicians of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party and other parties are calling on the education ministry to terminate public subsidies to Korean schools. これに対し、自民党などから補助を打ち切るよう文部科学省に求める声が出ている。
These lawmakers are casting their proposal as part of Japan’s sanctions against North Korea, which has failed to respond to Tokyo’s demands concerning Japanese citizens abducted by Pyongyang decades ago and has refused to stop its provocative actions, such as nuclear tests. 拉致問題に加え、核実験などを繰り返す北朝鮮への制裁の一環だという。
Some local governments have already suspended their subsidies to Korean schools. いくつかの自治体はすでに補助を止めている。
But children attending Korean schools are not at all responsible for North Korea’s nuclear weapons program or the abduction issue. だが、朝鮮学校に通う子どもたちには、核開発や拉致問題の責任はない。
Punishing schools that educate young Korean residents of Japan for North Korea’s actions is tantamount to bullying of the weak driven by misplaced anger. 北朝鮮の国に問題があるからといって、日本で暮らす子どもの学びの場に制裁を科すのは、お門違いの弱い者いじめというほかない。
It is inappropriate, in the first place, for the education ministry to interfere in the issue, which is under the jurisdiction of local governments concerned. そもそも地方自治体が権限を持つこの問題について、文科省が介入するのは適切ではない。
The Japanese government started offering tuition-free high school education six years ago, when the Democratic Party of Japan was in power. But this benefit has not been applied to Korean schools. 日本では、民主党政権だった６年前から高校の無償化が始まったが、これも朝鮮学校には適用されていない。
The DPJ-led government kept dragging its foot on abolishing tuition fees at Korean schools. And the administration of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, which was inaugurated in December 2012, swiftly removed Korean schools from the list of institutions eligible for the program. 民主党政権は適用を保留し続け、その後の安倍政権は発足後すぐに無償化対象からはずしてしまった。
Students at Korean schools and other people concerned have sued the government in Tokyo, Osaka and other cities, arguing that the exclusion of their schools from the program due to political reasons is illegal. 政治的理由による除外は違法だとして、朝鮮学校の生徒らが国を相手どり、東京や大阪など各地で裁判に訴えている。
In the international arena, some U.N. agencies, including the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, have criticized the Japanese government’s policy concerning the issue. These organizations have recognized the exclusion of Korean schools from tuition-free high school education as a form of discrimination. They have also urged the Japanese government to apply the program to these schools and exhort local governments to continue the subsidies. 国際的にも、人種差別撤廃委員会など国連の場では、高校無償化の適用除外は「差別だ」と認めたり、日本政府に対し、無償化の適用や、地方自治体に補助の維持を勧めるよう求めたりする見解が相次いでいる。
Last year, the bar association of Saitama Prefecture rebuked Saitama Governor Kiyoshi Ueda for his move to suspend the prefectural government’s subsidies to Korean schools within the prefecture. The association warned that Ueda’s action constitutes an “extremely serious violation of human rights.” 国内でも、埼玉弁護士会が昨年、補助を止めている埼玉県の上田清司知事に「極めて重大な人権侵害」と警告した。
At many Korean schools, members of the pro-Pyongyang General Association of Korean Residents in Japan (Chongryon) are involved in school administration. 朝鮮学校では、在日本朝鮮人総連合会（朝鮮総連）の関係者が運営にかかわっているケースは多い。
But education should be kept insulated from politics. Kanagawa Governor Yuji Kuroiwa has continued subsidies to individual Korean students instead of their schools. Kuroiwa has said children are blameless. だが、政治と教育は別だ。神奈川県の黒岩祐治知事は「子どもたちに罪はない」として、学校ではなく、生徒たち個人への補助を続けている。
Aside from differences in perceptions about history, problems with the curricula at Korean schools, if any, should be solved through talks between the government and the institutions. 歴史観の違いはともかく、教育内容に問題があれば話し合いで解決すべきだ。
In fact, the content of education at Korean schools has been changing significantly. 実際、朝鮮学校の教育も変化してきている。
The community of Korean residents in Japan has become diversified. At many Korean schools, children of South Korean nationality make up a majority. 在日コリアンの社会は多様化しており、多くの朝鮮学校で、韓国籍の子どもが過半数となりつつある。
It is wrong to think that Korean schools are attended only by children of people who worship the North Korean regime. 北朝鮮の体制を崇拝している人々の子どもだけが通うと考えるのは誤りだ。
More than anything else, students at Korean schools are also members of our society. 何より朝鮮学校の子どもたちも私たちの社会の一員だ。
Any attempt to close the door to children who can build bridges between Japan and its neighbors would only increase the number of people who harbor antipathy toward Japan. 日本と隣国の懸け橋になりうる子どもたちを排除しようという思想であれば、逆に日本に反感を持つ人々を増やすだけである。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 20 EDITORIAL: BOJ needs exit strategy for negative interest rate policy （社説）マイナス金利 弊害広げない方策を
One month has passed since the Bank of Japan took the risky and controversial move to introduce negative interest rates after it had almost run out of policy tools to enhance its aggressive “quantitative” monetary easing program. 日本銀行がマイナス金利政策を導入して１カ月が経過した。量的緩和のカードをほとんど使い果たした日銀が、新たな緩和手段として賭けに打って出た政策である。
It is hardly possible to claim that this policy gamble has produced the expected positive results overall. 現状では、その賭けが良い結果をもたらしているとはとても言えない。
The BOJ’s action has achieved a further decline in long-term interest rates from their already record-low levels. この政策でもともと史上最低水準だった長期金利は一段と下がった。
But the move to push interest rates below zero has given an unexpectedly big jolt to financial markets, causing wild fluctuations in both stock prices and currency exchange rates in the ensuing weeks. そこまでは日銀の狙い通りだ。ただ、株価や為替相場が乱高下を繰り返したところに金融市場の動揺が見て取れる。
The banking sector has criticized the negative interest rate policy, which is expected to deliver a blow to the earnings of lenders. Commercial banks are facing an increase in costs as the BOJ charges them 0.1 percent for their excess reserves at the central bank. この政策で収益悪化が見込まれる金融界からは批判の声があがっている。銀行が日銀に預ける当座預金の一部にマイナス金利がかかるので負担が増える。
Banks have also come under strong pressure to further cut their lending rates, which are already at historical lows. 歴史的な低さの貸出金利をもう一段下げる必要にも迫られている。
That would be fine as long as lower lending rates goose demand for loans. But that doesn’t seem to be what is happening. それで融資需要が増えるならいい。だが必ずしもそうではないようだ。
Banks have found that lower-rate mortgages have led to an increase in refinancing but failed to stoke demand for new housing loans. 住宅ローン金利を下げて増えたのは、安いローンに借り換える人たちばかりで新規需要は少ないという。
The monetary easing policy was intended to prompt banks to expand their lending and encourage companies to ramp up their business investments. But the BOJ’s latest move seems counterproductive because it has only made things harder for commercial banks. 銀行貸し出しを増やし、企業の投資を活発にする。それが金融緩和の目的のはずだった。こうして銀行経営を萎縮させてしまっては逆効果ではないか。
The negative interest rate policy is also beginning to blight the BOJ’s efforts to awaken inflationary expectations among consumers and businesses through its “different dimension” easing. 日銀が異次元緩和で盛り上げようとした人々の「インフレ期待」にも影響が出ている。
In an Asahi Shimbun opinion poll conducted in February, 60 percent of respondents said they do not expect the negative interest rate policy to lead to economic growth. 朝日新聞が２月に実施した世論調査では、マイナス金利政策による景気回復が「期待できない」と答えた人は６割にのぼった。
Foreign regulators and policymakers have voiced concerns that any expansion of the negative interest rate policies that are in place in Japan and Europe could trigger a global currency war, or competitive devaluations of currencies among major economic powers to gain a trade advantage. 一方、海外当局からは、日本や欧州のマイナス金利政策が強化されれば、世界的な通貨安競争の引き金にならないかという懸念が示されている。
The biggest beneficiary of the BOJ’s surprise policy move is probably Japan’s public finances. A further decline in long-term rates reduces the debt-servicing costs of the government, which has run up more than 1,000 trillion yen in debts. 政策の恩恵を最も受けているのは日本の財政だろうか。長期金利の一段の低下で、１千兆円を超える国の借金の利払い費が抑えられるからだ。
As a result, however, there seems to be growing political momentum for relaxing fiscal discipline. ただ、その結果、財政規律を緩めるムードが強まってはいないか。
Under ordinary circumstances, the central bank should not adopt the extremely radical approach of buying huge amounts of government bonds for monetary expansion. 日銀による国債の大量買い入れは本来は禁じ手だ。
The BOJ’s unconventional policy, however, has been condoned as a measure to allow the government to buy time to fix its finances. そこを財政立て直しの時間を稼ぐためだとして許されている面がある。
But some policymakers within the Abe administration are now openly arguing for postponing the consumption tax hike slated for next year. The administration appears to have the wrong idea about what should be the top fiscal policy priority. ところが、いま政権内で消費増税見送り論が公然と語られているのは本末転倒である。
The BOJ’s monetary policy is now beginning to cause significant harm to the Japanese economy. If the BOJ continues this extraordinary monetary expansion program in a desperate effort to achieve its seemingly unrealistic 2-percent inflation target, the range of challenges confronting the Japanese economy will only become more serious and complicated. 日銀の金融政策そのものが日本経済に弊害をもたらし始めている。現実的とは思えない２％インフレ目標にこだわり異常な緩和政策をこのまま続ければ、かえって日本経済が抱える問題は大きく複雑になっていく。
The central bank cannot quickly terminate its unprecedented policy even if it wants to because an abrupt end to the program would cause unacceptably large harmful effects on financial markets regarding interest and exchange rates. 異次元緩和はやめたくなっても、すぐにはやめられない政策である。金利や為替など市場への影響が大きすぎるためだ。
Instead of wading deeper into uncharted waters, the BOJ should start working out a strategy for winding up the program while minimizing the negative consequences. これ以上、深入りするのをやめ、影響を最小にとどめつつ撤退する方策を練るべきだ。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 19 EDITORIAL: Do not impose government’s viewpoints on school textbooks （社説）教科書検定 押しつけは時代遅れだ
School textbooks are not tools for the government to indoctrinate young people with its views and opinions. 教科書は、時の政権の言い分を教え込む道具ではない。
The education ministry on March 18 announced the results of its screening of new high school textbooks to be used from spring next year. 来年春から高校で使う教科書の検定結果が発表された。
This year, the ministry applied, for the first time, new rules about the authorization of textbooks to those used at high schools. 文部科学省は、新しいルールを高校に初めて適用した。
Besides changing the guidelines for editing textbooks, the ministry also revised its screening standards to require publishers to ensure descriptions on issues about which the government has announced an official position reflect that view. 教科書編集の指針を変え、検定基準も政府見解があれば、それに基づいて記すよう改めた。
These changes were made in response to demands from the ruling Liberal Democratic Party. 自民党の意向に沿ったものだ。
The outcome of the screening of high school textbooks reminds us of what happened last year, when new textbooks for junior high schools underwent the process. 今回も、昨年の中学の検定と同じようなことが起きた。
The ministry instructed the publishers to describe Japan’s territorial disputes with its neighbors in line with the government’s position. In one case, an article in a textbook about war reparations had to be rewritten after the ministry criticized the text for failing to reflect the government’s stance on compensation for wartime forced laborers from China. 領土問題で、日本政府の立場を記すよう意見をつけた。戦後補償のコラムには、政府見解に基づいて書くよう指摘した。
Notably, the ministry demanded that the descriptions on controversial topics, such as the Self-Defense Forces, the Constitution and nuclear power generation, be in line with the positions of the Abe administration. 目立ったのは、自衛隊や憲法、原発など賛否の分かれる問題で、安倍政権の姿勢に沿う記述を求めたことだ。
The ministry, for instance, took issue with one textbook’s description about Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s “proactive pacifism.” The original text described Abe's foreign policy principle as one that has "changed the government's interpretation of the Constitution" and provides for "the SDF to operate in wider areas." 例えば「現代社会」で、積極的平和主義の記述がある。原本には「憲法解釈を変更し」「広範な地域で自衛隊の活動を認めようという考え方」とあった。
The ministry contended that the passage could cause a misunderstanding. Since proactive pacifism is a doctrine, the ministry said, the goal it is designed to achieve should also be mentioned. ここに「誤解するおそれがある」と意見がついた。「主義」なので、もとになる目的を書くように、というのだ。
Consequently, the text was revised to say that the doctrine is intended to enable Japan to “make active contribution to ensuring peace, stability and prosperity in international society” by changing the interpretation of the Constitution with regard to the SDF’s activities. その結果、自衛隊活動をめぐる憲法解釈の変更により、「国際社会の平和と安定および繁栄の確保に、積極的に寄与していこうとするもの」となった。
Acquiring knowledge about the government’s official positions on various issues is not harmful for students. But treating the government’s views as the right answer to think about these issues is tantamount to imposing specific opinions on young people. 政府の立場を知ることは悪いことではない。ただ、それを唯一の正解として扱うのは押しつけだろう。
The administration’s approach to textbook screening is more and more coming to resemble the prewar system of government-designated textbooks. 戦前の国定教科書に近づいていないか。
The government overestimates the influence of textbooks on young people’s thinking, in the first place. 国はそもそも教科書の影響力を大きく考えすぎている。
Textbooks are not the only sources of knowledge for children. By visiting a library, for instance, they can easily find written works presenting different opinions and viewpoints from those of the government. 子どもは教科書だけで学んでいるのではない。図書館で調べれば、反対の見方や違った視点の本を知ることができる。
The education ministry is now working on new official curriculum guidelines. 文科省は、次の学習指導要領の議論を進めている。
It is planning to create new subjects, including a comprehensive study of modern world history and civics education about the rights and obligations of citizens and voters. These subjects will be aimed at helping students develop the ability to think about things from diverse viewpoints and angles, according to the ministry. 高校で「歴史総合」「公共」（ともに仮称）などの科目をつくり、多面的、多角的に考える力を育てようというのだ。
Textbooks for these subjects should be designed to show that the government’s views and opinions are relative to the standpoints of various players, including opposition parties, citizens and other countries. こうした科目では、政権の見方、考え方を相対化し、野党や市民、他国など様々な立場を伝える教科書が求められよう。
It is questionable whether the current textbook screening system will be suitable for the goals of the new subjects. いまのままの検定の姿勢で、果たして対応できるだろうか。
The current system is based on the assumption that textbooks are traditional printed books. 現在の検定制度は、紙の教科書を前提にしている。
But an increasing number of textbooks show the addresses of websites that offer good reference materials. だが、参考になるサイトのアドレスを書く教科書が増えてきた。
The ministry checks the content in these websites during its textbook screening, but the pages of a website are updated constantly. It is impossible for the government to keep track of all changes in the content of the websites mentioned in textbooks. 検定でもその内容を確認しているが、ページの内容はどんどん変わる。国が中身を吟味し切れるものではない。
The current textbook screening system, which tends to nitpick over specific terms and phrases in the text, is already outdated. 教科書の一言一句に目くじらを立てる検定は、もはや時代遅れではないか。
The government should shift its education policy to allow a wider range of teaching materials, expand the discretion of teachers in how to teach classes and increase opportunities for children to think from diverse viewpoints. The government should start taking steps to reinvent the textbook screening system in line with these principles. 幅広い教材を認め、教師の指導の裁量を広げ、子どもが多角的に考える機会を増やす。検定も、その方向に踏み出してもらいたい。
The Yomiuri Shimbun North Korea’s missile launch a rash act that increases its isolation 北ミサイル発射 国際社会で孤立深める軽挙だ
North Korea apparently wants to flaunt the enhancement of its nuclear capability, but in reality, the country is just intensifying its international isolation. 「核戦力」の増強を誇示したいのだろうが、実際は国際的な孤立を深めるだけである。
Pyongyang launched a missile believed to be a Nodong medium-range ballistic missile from around Sukchon in the western part of the country. It flew a distance of about 800 kilometers and fell into the Sea of Japan. 北朝鮮が中距離弾道ミサイル「ノドン」とみられるミサイルを、西部粛川付近から発射した。約８００キロ飛行して、日本海に落下した。
According to the South Korean military, North Korea fired another missile, but it immediately disappeared from radar. It is possible that it exploded in the air. 韓国軍によると、もう１発発射したが、直後にレーダーから消えた。空中爆発の可能性がある。
In response to North Korea’s nuclear testing and other incidents, the U.N. Security Council early this month adopted a resolution anew that bans the country from firing ballistic missiles. 北朝鮮の核実験などを受けて、国連安全保障理事会は今月初旬、改めて弾道ミサイルの発射を禁じる決議を採択している。
Following the launch of short-range ballistic missiles a week ago, North Korea’s latest action clearly violates the resolution. 北朝鮮の行動は、１週間前の短距離弾道ミサイル発射に続き、明白に決議に違反している。
It was reasonable that Prime Minister Shinzo Abe condemned North Korea and said Japan would respond decisively while working closely with the international community. 安倍首相が「国際社会と緊密に連携し、毅然きぜんとして対応する」と非難したのは、当然である。
North Korea is reacting more and more furiously against the Security Council’s resolution and U.S.-South Korean joint military exercises that started this month. 北朝鮮は、安保理決議と、今月始まった米韓合同軍事演習に対して、反発を強めている。
According to the Korean Central News Agency, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un declared that he will soon conduct a test explosion of a nuclear warhead and test-fire several types of ballistic missiles that can carry nuclear warheads. 朝鮮中央通信によると、金正恩第１書記は、「核弾頭の爆発実験」と「核弾頭搭載可能な様々な弾道ミサイルの発射実験」を早期に行うと言い放った。
He also claimed that his country has succeeded in reducing the weight of nuclear warheads, and even suggested the country would become able to make a “preemptive nuclear attack” to counter the United States. 核弾頭の軽量化に成功したとも主張し、米国に対抗する「核先制攻撃」までも示唆している。
Security concern for Japan
Kim apparently wants to strengthen his leadership in the run-up to the Congress of the Workers’ Party of Korea, which is to be convened in May. However, many observers doubt that North Korea has advanced its miniaturization of nuclear warheads enough to load them on missiles. 金第１書記は、５月の朝鮮労働党大会に向けて、自らの求心力を高めたいのだろう。しかし、核弾頭の小型化が、ミサイルに搭載できるレベルにまで進んだのは疑わしいとの見方が一般的である。
“If the latest missile launch leads to enhancement of North Korea’s ballistic missile capabilities, it will be a source of strong national security concern for Japan,” said Defense Minister Gen Nakatani. 中谷防衛相は発射について、「弾道ミサイルの能力増強につながるとすれば、我が国の安全保障上、強く懸念する」と語った。
Pyongyang is said to have already deployed many Nodong missiles that could reach Japan. Because the missiles use mobile launchers, it is difficult to detect advance signs of launches. It remains necessary to keep an eye on North Korea’s attempts to improve the accuracy of its missiles by repeatedly conducting test-firings. 日本を射程に収めるノドンは多数、実戦配備されているといわれる。移動式発射台を使うため、事前に発射の兆候をつかみにくい。発射を重ねて精度を高めることには警戒が怠れない。
Also, preparations must be made to deal with further military provocations North Korea might engage in to heighten tensions on the Korean Peninsula. 北朝鮮が朝鮮半島の緊張を高めようと、さらなる軍事的挑発に出ることにも備える必要がある。
The international community must not overlook the reckless attitude of Kim, who does not try to hide his ambition to possess nuclear-armed missiles. 国際社会は、核ミサイル保有の野心を隠さない金第１書記の暴走を看過してはなるまい。
First, sanctions resolutions adopted by the U.N. Security Council should be strictly implemented. It is essential to enhance an international coalition that is working to shut down the flow of funds and materials necessary for development of nuclear missiles to North Korea. まずは、安保理制裁決議を厳格に履行すべきだ。核ミサイル開発の資金や物資を遮断する包囲網を強化することが欠かせない。
The tripartite security partnership of Japan, the United States and South Korea has become even more important for inhibiting North Korea’s reckless actions without being intimidated by its threats. 北朝鮮の脅しに動じず、その暴発を抑止するには、日米韓３か国の安全保障面での連携がますます重要になっている。
Japan, the United States and South Korea are trying to organize summit talks of their leaders on the sidelines of a Nuclear Security Summit to be held in the United States late this month. We hope concrete measures that would improve the efficacy of sanctions will be discussed while obtaining China’s cooperation. 今月末に米国で行われる核安全サミットに合わせて、日米韓は首脳会談を開催する方向だ。中国の協力を得つつ、制裁の実効性を高める具体策を協議したい。
The Yomiuri Shimbun Chinese govt continues headlong with self-serving, authoritarian approach 中国全人代閉幕 「独善」と「強権」が進む一方だ
It appears the administration of Chinese President Xi Jinping has further strengthened its self-serving approach to foreign policy, and its authoritarian governance over domestic matters. 中国の習近平政権の独善的な対外姿勢と内政面の強権統治が一段と強まったと言えよう。
China’s National People’s Congress, its equivalent of the Diet, has closed its annual meeting. 中国の全国人民代表大会（全人代＝国会）が閉幕した。
At a press conference after the Congress closed, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang was asked about Japan-China ties. He said, “There have been some signs of an improvement in Sino-Japanese ties, but it is not fully established and still fragile.” On issues related to perceptions of history, Li made a request to Japan, saying: “It is important to match one’s words with concrete actions. What I don’t want to see is [the issues] going backwards.” 李克強首相は記者会見で、日中関係について、「改善の勢いはあるが、強固ではなく、脆弱ぜいじゃくだ」と強調した。歴史問題でも、「言行を一致させるべきだ。元の道に戻るのを目にしたくない」と述べ、日本の対応に注文を付けた。
Earlier this month, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi also displayed his distrust of Japan when he said: “On the one hand, the Japanese government and leaders say nice things about wanting to improve relations. On the other hand, they are making trouble for China at every turn.” He then criticized Japan by saying, “This is a typical case of double-dealing.” 王毅外相も先に、「日本の政府と指導者は関係改善が必要と言う一方で、絶えず中国に対し、面倒を起こしている」と、不信感を示した。日本を「裏表のある人のやり方だ」とも批判していた。
These comments probably stemmed from resentment at such factors as Japan’s moves, in tandem with the United States, to check the expansion of China’s effective control of the South China Sea. 日本が米国と歩調を合わせて、中国による南シナ海での実効支配の拡大を牽制けんせいすることなどに反発しているのだろう。
However, we think it is China that is being Janus-faced, as it advocates “peaceful development” even while its actions heighten regional tensions. The point China argues is absurd. だが、二面性があるのは、「平和発展」を標榜ひょうぼうしながら、地域の緊張を高める中国の言動ではないか。中国の指摘は筋違いだ。
According to the U.S. government, Beijing is expected to complete the establishment of military facilities on manmade islands in the South China Sea at the end of this year or early next year. 米政府によると、南シナ海の人工島の軍事拠点化は年末か来年初めに完成する見通しだという。
In a swipe aimed at the United States, Wang said: “China cannot be accused of ‘militarization.’ The label is more suited to some other countries.” But no matter how much the Xi administration uses sophistry, it cannot cover up its military expansion. 王氏は米国を念頭に、「軍事化のレッテルは中国には貼れない。ぴったりの国がある」とも語った。習政権がいくら詭弁きべんを弄しても、軍拡の実態は糊塗ことできまい。
Senkaku ruling inappropriate
It is unacceptable that the Supreme People’s Court (China’s Supreme Court), in a report to the Congress, insisted China had demonstrated “jurisdiction” over waters around the Senkaku Islands in Okinawa Prefecture. It said a Chinese maritime court had mediated a case involving a collision between a Chinese fishing vessel and a Panama-registered freighter in September 2014. 最高人民法院（最高裁）が全人代の報告で、沖縄県の尖閣諸島海域で「司法管轄権」を示したと主張したことも受け入れられない。一昨年９月の中国漁船とパナマ船籍貨物船の衝突事故を中国の海事裁判所が調停したとしている。
While this aimed to raise the issue of territorial sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands, the collision actually happened outside the territorial waters of the islands, so China’s standpoint has no foundation. The Japanese government rightly lodged a protest. 尖閣諸島に対する領土主権を訴える狙いだろうが、そもそも発生場所は尖閣諸島の領域外であり、中国の見解に根拠はない。日本政府が抗議したのは当然である。
The National People’s Congress also adopted a new five-year plan for economic and social development. Worryingly, a chapter titled “building a national security system” that was added to this blueprint included steps to strengthen the monitoring of opinions expressed on the Internet. 全人代では、経済・社会政策に関する新５か年計画が採択された。懸念されるのは、「国家安全体制の構築」という項目が計画に追加され、ネット世論の管理強化などが盛り込まれたことだ。
Since the Xi administration was launched, it has stepped up its oppression of human rights lawyers and nongovernmental organizations. It is certain that censorship, such as tighter controls on the media, will be further strengthened in the name of this “national security system.” 習政権は発足以来、人権派弁護士や民間活動団体（ＮＧＯ）に対する抑圧をエスカレートさせてきた。「国家安全体制」を名目に、メディアの締め付けなど言論弾圧をさらに強めるのは確実だ。
The ruling administration’s anxiety over the economic slowdown also is behind its moves to strengthen its control. The string of speakers at the Congress voicing concern over overseas shopping sprees by Chinese was probably another indication of this. 統制強化の背景には、政権の経済減速への危機感もあろう。中国人による外国での「爆買い」を憂慮する声が全人代で相次いだのは、その表れではないか。
Even if China tries to suppress dissenting opinions by force, its image as an anachronism will only spread through the international community. 中国が力で異論を抑え込もうとしても、時代錯誤とのイメージが国際社会で広がるだけだ。
The Yomiuri Shimbun Incendiary language by a presidential candidate invites divisiveness in U.S. 米大統領選 煽動的言辞が招く社会の亀裂
Primary elections were held in five U.S. states, including Florida, as candidates from the Republican and Democratic parties chase the nomination to contest the presidential election in November. More than 60 percent of Republican Party delegates have been decided. The party’s race has passed the halfway mark. １１月の米大統領選に向けた共和、民主両党の指名候補争いで、フロリダなど５州の予備選が行われた。共和党では、累積代議員数が６割に達し、折り返し点を過ぎた。
Real estate mogul Donald Trump maintained the lead for the Republican nomination. Hard-line conservative Sen. Ted Cruz remains behind in second place. While Trump has kept his dominance in the race, some forecasts suggest he will fall short of the majority of delegates needed to assure him the nomination. It is too early to tell what will happen. 不動産王ドナルド・トランプ氏が首位を堅持した。保守強硬派のテッド・クルーズ上院議員が２位で追う展開が続く。トランプ氏の優位は揺るがないが、過半数の代議員を獲得できないとの観測もあり、予断を許さない。
Mainstream candidate Sen. Marco Rubio lost in his home state of Florida and announced his withdrawal from the race. John Kasich picked up his first victory in Ohio, where he is the governor. Some pundits believe “anti-Trump” votes flocked to him. 主流派では、マルコ・ルビオ上院議員が地元フロリダ州で敗れ、撤退を表明した。ジョン・ケーシック氏は知事を務めるオハイオ州で初の勝利を収めた。「反トランプ票」が集まったとみられる。
This likely reflected widening efforts among mainstream Republicans to cooperate to halt Trump’s momentum. They have been concerned by Trump’s frequent off-color remarks. トランプ氏の過激な発言への懸念から、党主流派の間で勢いを止めようとする連帯の動きが広がっていることの表れだろう。
Some prominent figures responsible for policies within the Republican Party have even suggested a preference for former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who is increasingly likely to be the Democratic nominee. 共和党内の政策を担う有識者には、民主党候補指名の公算が大きくなったヒラリー・クリントン前国務長官を推す声も出始めた。
Disturbingly, violent incidents have been occurring at Trump’s rallies. As a black audience member who had criticized Trump was being led from a venue, he was punched by a white man in the crowd. Trump himself has ordered protesters to be removed, and lashed out with comments such as they “should have been roughed up.” 深刻なのは、トランプ氏の集会でトラブルが相次いでいる事態だ。批判した黒人の聴衆が退場させられる際に、客席の白人に殴られた。トランプ氏自ら、抗議者の退場を命じ、「殴られて当然だ」などと暴言も吐いてきた。
A Trump campaign rally was even canceled due to the impact of protest activities by African-Americans and Latinos. アフリカ系や中南米系の人たちによる抗議活動の影響で、演説が中止されることもあった。
Japan under fire
The main cause of these confrontations has been Trump’s “pledges,” which could be interpreted as racial discrimination. These include his call to deport all illegal immigrants living in the United States, and to ban all Muslims from entering the country. 原因は、すべての不法移民の強制送還やイスラム教徒の入国禁止など、人種差別と取られかねないトランプ氏の「公約」にある。
There are a myriad of problems with Trump’s method of boosting his support by branding opposition forces as the enemy to stir up confrontation. People from a diverse variety of races, religions and beliefs coexist in the United States. His comments are fueling feuds between these groups and deepening divisiveness in U.S. society. 反対勢力に敵のレッテルを貼って対立を煽動せんどうし、支持を高める手法には問題が多い。米国には人種や宗教、信条などの異なる人々が混在する。それらをいがみ合わせ、社会の亀裂を深めている。
The senior leadership of the Republican Party bears a heavy responsibility for these developments. Within the party, a conservative hard-line element, which seeks to minimize the role of the government by largely reducing tax for the wealthy and cutting social security spending, is gaining strength. The mainstream element has been unable to stop this movement, and what is effectively a split inside the party has been left as it is. 共和党指導部の責任も大きい。党内では、富裕層の大型減税、社会保障費のカットなど政府の役割の最小化を目指す保守強硬派の勢いが増す。主流派は制御できず、事実上の分裂を放置してきた。
By painting himself as an outsider, Trump has exploited this confusion and broadened his support among the moderate element of the party and political independents. He has suggested policies including limiting the scope of tax cuts for the wealthy to make his candidacy more acceptable to middle-income earners. アウトサイダーのトランプ氏はこうした混乱に乗じて、党内の穏健派や無党派層にも支持を広げた側面がある。富裕層の減税規模を抑えるなど、中間所得層が受け入れやすい政策も掲げている。
Regarding the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty, Trump has declared it is unfair that the pact unilaterally obliges the United States to defend Japan and also calls on Japan to accept more of the burden. On the North Korea’s nuclear issue, he stated Washington does not need to lead. トランプ氏は、日米安保条約について、米国が日本防衛義務を一方的に課せられるのは不平等だと主張し、日本の負担増を求める。北朝鮮の核問題でも、米国が先頭に立つ必要はないと訴える。
For Japan, Trump-mania cannot be simply overlooked. 日本にとっても、トランプ旋風は見過ごせない。
The Yomiuri Shimbun Artificial intelligence: Use it well for a society where humans can thrive 人工知能 上手に使って住み良い社会に
The recent feat achieved by AlphaGo was a marvel of striking progress in artificial intelligence (AI) technology. AlphaGo, an AI-based computer program developed by a British corporation under the umbrella of Google Inc. of the United States, has won against the world’s top Go player, South Korea’s Lee Se Dol, 4-1. 人工知能の技術が目覚ましい進化を遂げていることに驚かされた。 米グーグル傘下の英企業が開発した人工知能の「アルファ碁」が、韓国棋院の世界トップ棋士、李世●九段に４勝１敗で勝ち越した。（●＝「石」の下に「乙」）
Previously, AI programs had defeated skilled human players in the fields of chess and shogi. However, it was said that it would take 10 years to see an AI system win against human players in the world of Go. チェスや将棋では、人工知能が実力者を破っている。だが、囲碁で勝つには、この先１０年を要すると言われていた。
It was cited as a high hurdle that the surface of a Go board is broad, and that there are an immeasurable number of choices for moves to be made in playing a match. 盤面が広く、着手の選択肢が桁違いに多いことが、高いハードルとされた。
No wonder Japan’s top master of Go, Yuta Iyama, described AlphaGo’s victory as “shocking.” 日本の第一人者である井山裕太棋聖が「衝撃的」と語ったのも、無理はない。
AlphaGo is able to learn on its own which are the best moves to make in playing a game. The program has read about 30 million images depicting the stages of development in games played by professional and other players. Then it has learned what kinds of patterns are preferred at which stages of development in a game, giving itself a better chance of winning. This has made AlphaGo ever more highly skilled in playing a match. アルファ碁は、より良い一手を自ら学ぶ能力を備えている。プロらによる対局の盤面の画像を３０００万枚も読み込み、どのようなパターンになれば勝ちやすいかを学習し、棋力を高めた。
That approach, called “deep learning,” is one of the state-of-the-art AI theories. To put its victory in a human context, AlphaGo has developed “taikyokukan” (broad-based perspective). 「ディープ・ラーニング（深層学習）」という最新理論だ。人間で言えば、「大局観」を養ったことが勝因だろう。
AI technology has already been put to practical use, such as in image searches. It may be possible that the spread of more advanced AI technology could greatly change our day-to-day life. There also are concerns that the technology could take over clerical work carried out by humans. 人工知能は、画像検索などで既に実用化されている。より高度な人工知能が普及することで、日常生活が大きく変化する可能性がある。事務などの仕事が取って代わられるといった懸念もある。
It is necessary to live with AI technology and make good use of it. 人工知能と共存し、活用していくことが求められる。
Myriad potential benefits
The self-driving car system is designed to prevent accidents by perceiving vehicles and pedestrians around an autonomous car and predicting how they would move. 車の自動運転では、周辺の車両や歩行者を察知し、動きを予測することで、事故を防ぐ。
The use of diagnostic imaging technology will increase the probability of detecting cancer cells. It will also make it possible to predict how the condition of a cancer patient would develop, thereby enabling the patient to receive appropriate treatment. 画像診断では、がん細胞を発見する確率が高まろう。病状の進行を予測して、適切な治療に結び付けることも可能になる。
Progress is being made in developing the technology to instantly distribute to smartphones information about which route should be taken in evacuating at the time of tsunami and other disasters. 津波などの災害時に、どのルートで避難すれば安全か、という情報を瞬時にスマートフォンへ配信するための技術開発が進む。
We hope the public and private sectors will join hands in fully tapping into the advantages of AI technology. 官民が連携し、人工知能のメリットを最大限に引き出したい。
In the United States, Google, IBM and others are fiercely competing with each other in applying AI technology to the analysis of big data, the development of pharmaceutical products and for other purposes. 米国では、グーグルやＩＢＭなどが、ビッグデータの解析や医薬品開発などへの応用で激しい競争を繰り広げている。
It is disturbing to see that the presence of Japanese corporations is weak in this respect. Because of budgetary constraints and other reasons, these companies have hardly been able to apply their research results to the commercialization of products. Research papers originating in Japan account for a slumping 2 percent to 3 percent of those submitted from around the world. これに対し、国内企業の存在感が薄いのが気がかりだ。予算の制約などで、研究成果が、ほとんど製品化につながっていない。世界の中で日本発の論文が占める割合は、２～３％と低迷している。
It is necessary to quickly nurture young researchers and engineers in this country. 若手の研究者や技術者の育成を急ぐ必要がある。
The main pillar of the 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan, finalized by the government at a Cabinet meeting in January, is to realize “a supersmart society” through the use of AI technology. 政府は、１月に閣議決定した第５期科学技術基本計画の柱に、人工知能による「超スマート社会」の実現を据えている。
If robotics technology, Japan’s field of expertise, is combined with AI, a mix of these technologies could be expected to make up for labor shortages in a society whose population is decreasing. 日本の得意分野であるロボット技術に人工知能を組み合わせれば、人口減社会での労働力不足を補う役割も期待できるだろう。
The Yomiuri Shimbun Plans to revive areas hit by N-disaster must cover population decline problem 福島の住民帰還 人口減に備える地域再生策を
Even though five years have passed since the disaster at Tokyo Electric Power Co.’s Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant occurred, nearly 100,000 people from Fukushima Prefecture continue to live as evacuees both in and outside the prefecture. 東京電力福島第一原子力発電所の事故から５年を経た今も、１０万人近くの福島県民が県内外で避難生活を続けている。
The government plans to lift by March 2017 the evacuation orders for areas where residence is restricted — excluding those that are designated as difficult-to-return zones because of extremely high levels of radiation — as well as areas where preparations are being made for the lifting of evacuation orders. 政府は、放射線量が極めて高い帰還困難区域以外の居住制限区域と避難指示解除準備区域について、２０１７年３月までの解除を目指す方針だ。
How the blueprints for regional rejuvenation should be drawn up with evacuees’ return home in mind is a major challenge facing the municipalities concerned. 避難住民の帰還を見据え、いかに地域再生への青写真を描くか。各自治体の重い課題である。
One headache in this regard is that lifting the evacuation orders will not necessarily lead to the return of evacuees. In the case of Naraha, from which the entire population was evacuated, only 6 percent of the town’s former residents have returned their home bases since the orders were lifted last September. 難しいのは、避難指示の解除が必ずしも住民の帰還につながらない点だ。自治体ぐるみで移転した楢葉町では、昨年９月に解除されたものの、町に生活の拠点を戻した人は６％に過ぎない。
According to a survey of the residents’ opinions conducted in January by the Reconstruction Agency and other entities, those who said they would resume living in the town totaled slightly more than 50 percent of respondents, including those who have already returned. 復興庁などが１月に実施した住民意向調査によると、既に町に戻った人を含め、今後の帰還に前向きな回答をした町民は、５０％余りにとどまっている。
In regard to the towns of Futaba and Okuma, most of which are in difficult-to-return zones where the prospects for lifting the evacuation orders are not in sight, only around 10 percent of respondents expressed intentions to return. Those who answered “not returning” accounted for 50 percent to 60 percent. 解除時期が見通せない帰還困難区域が大半を占める双葉、大熊両町では、帰還する意思のある人は１割程度だ。「戻らない」が５～６割を占めている。
Population declines in every municipality will be unavoidable even after the evacuation orders are lifted. 各自治体とも、避難指示解除後も人口減は避けられない。
The percentage of those who want to return is higher among elderly people. First of all, preparations to resume operations at core hospitals must be accelerated. Four of these hospitals located in Futaba county, comprising Naraha and seven other municipalities, have had their operations suspended. 帰還の意向は、高齢者ほど強い。まずは、拠点病院の整備を急ぎたい。楢葉町など８町村で構成される双葉郡内にあった四つの拠点病院は、休止したままだ。
Wider cooperation crucial
It is also essential to improve public transportation systems, which are needed for hospital visits and shopping. 通院や買い物の足となる公共交通機関の整備も欠かせない。
Service continues to be partially suspended on the JR Joban Line. Bus services remain suspended on many regular routes in disaster-affected areas. It will also be necessary to restructure the traffic network connecting municipalities around the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant with other cities in the prefecture, including Fukushima, Koriyama and Iwaki. ＪＲ常磐線は一部区間で不通が続く。運休したままの路線バスも多い。第一原発周辺の自治体と福島、郡山、いわき各市などを結ぶ交通ネットワークを再構築する必要もあるだろう。
If regional revival is undertaken by each municipality on an individual basis, there are limits to what can be achieved. The municipalities should push ahead with reconstructing the entire region through efforts that reach beyond the boundaries of municipalities. 自治体ごとに地域再生に取り組んでも、やれることには限界がある。自治体の枠を超え、地域全体で復興を進めるという発想が求められるのではないか。
Many disaster-affected municipalities are aiming to establish compact towns where administrative offices and commercial, medical and welfare facilities are concentrated. It may be an idea for municipalities to cooperate in working out plans on community building. 行政機関や商業施設、医療・福祉施設を集約したコンパクトな街づくりを目指す自治体は多い。この計画の策定を各自治体が連携して進めるのも方策の一つだ。
If functions necessary to improve residents’ livelihoods are provided through the cooperation of municipalities, their fiscal burdens will be reduced. It is also important for the national and prefectural governments to coordinate measures adequately. 自治体間で住民生活に必要な機能を補完し合えば、財政負担は軽減されよう。政府と県が適切に調整することも大切である。
To entice younger generations to return, job opportunities must be available. Government support is needed to attract businesses to the region. 若い世代を呼び戻すために、欠かせないのが、働き口の確保だ。企業誘致には、政府の後押しが求められる。
The envisaged “Innovation Coast” — to concentrate research facilities and corporate entities related to the decommissioning of damaged reactors along the coastal area — is expected to lead to job creation and an inflow of new residents. We want to see this innovation steadily put into place with the government taking the initiative. 廃炉作業などに関連する研究施設や企業を沿岸部に集積する「イノベーション・コースト構想」は、雇用創出や新住民の流入につながると期待される。政府主導で着実に進めてもらいたい。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 13 EDITORIAL: Take a close look at reality before touting ‘women’s active roles’ （社説）女性の活躍 現実に目を向けてこそ
One anonymous blog has underscored the serious issue of children on waiting lists for nursery schools, along with the lack of understanding on the part of political leaders. Titled “Hoikuen Ochita Nihon Shine!!!” (My kid was rejected by a nursery school. Go to hell, Japan!!!), the blog was posted in mid-February by a mother whose child had failed to gain admission into a nursery school. 「保育園落ちた日本死ね！！！」と題した匿名のブログが待機児童問題の深刻さとともに、為政者の無理解を浮き彫りにする事態となっている。 投稿があったのは先月中旬。
She used harsh language to vent her anger, saying things such as, “What about a ‘society in which all citizens are dynamically engaged?’” and "I’ll have to quit my job.” A “society in which all citizens are dynamically engaged” is one of the key slogans of the Abe administration. 保育園の選考に落ちた母親が「一億総活躍社会じゃねーのかよ」「会社やめなくちゃならねーだろ」と、激しい言葉で怒りをぶつけた。
When an opposition lawmaker raised the subject during Diet debate, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe cited the anonymity of the posting in replying to her and said, “I have no way to confirm the story, including whether it really took place.” 国会で野党が取り上げたところ、安倍首相は書き込みが匿名であることを理由に「実際にそれが本当かどうかも含めて、私は確かめようがない」と答弁。
Lawmakers of the ruling bloc heckled the opposition lawmaker, with one shouting, “Bring the one who wrote it!” 与党の議員からは「本人を出せ」などのヤジも飛んだ。
Members of the public who shared similar problems and anxieties reacted furiously to these verbal exchanges. They staged protests in front of the Diet building and collected signatures for a petition calling for a more extensive child-care system. こうしたやりとりに、同じような悩みや不安を抱える人たちが強く反発。国会前での抗議活動や、保育制度の充実を求める署名活動へ広がった。
The government and the ruling parties were taken aback by the development, and began hastily discussing new measures for reducing the number of children on waiting lists--so goes, in brief, the story to date. 政府・与党は慌てて、待機児童解消に向けた新たな対策の検討を始めたというのがあらましの経緯だ。
The response of political leaders has been particularly poor. While one ruling Liberal Democratic Party official has stated that the initial response was wrong, the story is much more than that of a “wrong” reaction. One has to say that a lack of understanding of how serious the current situation is has come to light. あまりにお粗末だ。自民党内には「初動ミス」との声もあるが、ミスにとどまる話ではない。深刻な現状に対する認識を欠いていることが露呈した、と言わざるを得ない。
The question of children on waiting lists is posing a serious problem for every household facing it, as mothers in some families are eager to stay in their current jobs, whereas other families need dual incomes to maintain their standards of living. The blog caught on with a broad audience, and many citizens lashed out against the administration, probably out of a strong resentment of the issue that has failed to improve over the years. 今の仕事を何とか続けたい、共働きで働かないと生活が苦しい……。どの家庭にとっても待機児童の問題は切実だ。ブログへの共感と、政権への市民の反発がここまで広がったのは、長年の課題がいっこうに改善されない現状への強い怒りだろう。
The government and the ruling parties should take that squarely to heart. 政府・与党はそこをしっかり受け止めるべきだ。
Abe has formulated such slogans as “women’s active roles” and a “society where all women shine.” One has to ask, however, if there really is an environment for making that happen. The dearth of child-care services is not the only factor that is keeping women from playing “active roles.” 安倍首相は「女性活躍」「すべての女性が輝く社会」を掲げている。しかし、その環境は本当に整っているだろうか。活躍を阻害しているものは、保育サービスの不足にとどまらない。
The U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women issued a recommendation earlier this month to the Japanese government. 国連の女子差別撤廃委員会は今月、日本政府に勧告をした。
The unflattering document, which said, “The committee’s previous recommendations have not been fully implemented,” once again urged Tokyo, among other things, to develop legal measures for banning and preventing discrimination in employment and to increase the number of women in decision-making positions, such as lawmakers and corporate workers in senior management posts. 「過去の勧告が十分に実行されていない」とする厳しい内容で、雇用差別を禁じ、防止する法的措置を整えることや、国会議員や企業の管理職など指導的地位を占める女性を増やすことなどを改めて迫った。
Japan ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1985. The Basic Law for Gender-Equal Society took effect in 1999. More women are working, but wage gaps between men and women are continuing to widen, in part because many female workers are employed on a nonregular basis. 日本が女子差別撤廃条約を批准したのは１９８５年。９９年には男女共同参画社会基本法が施行された。働く女性は増えているものの、非正社員が多いこともあり、男女の賃金格差はむしろ広がる傾向。
Men’s participation in child care and in nursing care for the elderly is still low, and there remains a deep-rooted perception among the public that men and women are supposed to assume different roles. The latest Gender Gap Index report of the World Economic Forum put Japan in 101st place, in the lower rung of the ranking, as usual. 男性の育児や介護への参加もいまだ低水準で、性別による役割分担の意識は根強く残る。世界経済フォーラムの最新の男女格差指数でも日本は１０１位と低迷したままだ。
Political leaders should first look squarely at reality if they are to ever talk of “women’s active roles.” 「女性活躍」を言うのなら、まず現実を直視することから始めてほしい。
The Yomiuri Shimbun Eurozone economic recovery based just on monetary easing will be fragile ＥＣＢ追加緩和 金融政策頼みだけでは危うい
Monetary easing alone will not be able to eradicate concerns about deflation and realize a full economic recovery in the eurozone. Other steps will be essential, including expanding public investment and undertaking structural reforms to boost the economy’s growth potential. デフレ懸念の払拭と景気の本格回復を実現するには、金融緩和だけでなく、成長力を高める構造改革や公共投資の拡大などが不可欠である。
The European Central Bank has decided on a comprehensive, additional monetary-easing policy that exceeded market expectations. 欧州中央銀行（ＥＣＢ）が、市場の予想を上回る包括的な追加金融緩和策を決定した。
The ECB will lower the rate of interest paid when private banks deposit surplus funds at the central bank from the current minus 0.3 percent to minus 0.4 percent. 民間銀行がＥＣＢに余剰資金を預けた際に適用する金利を、今の「マイナス０・３％」から「マイナス０・４％」に引き下げる。
In addition, the ECB will expand its quantitative easing program, which pours capital into the markets. This program, which includes buying government bonds, will be boosted from €60 billion a month to €80 billion (about ¥10 trillion) a month. 市中に資金を流し込む量的緩和策も拡充する。国債などの買い取りを現在の月６００億ユーロから８００億ユーロ（約１０兆円）に増やす。
The eurozone is on the brink of tumbling into deflation. Sluggish crude oil prices and other factors pushed the single-currency bloc’s February rate of consumer price increases into negative territory for the first time in five months. ユーロ圏は、デフレ転落の瀬戸際にある。原油価格の低迷などで、２月の消費者物価上昇率は５か月ぶりのマイナスになった。
Concerns are growing that the eurozone could see low economic growth over an extended period due to a decline in production and exports accompanying a slowdown in China and other emerging economies. 中国など新興国経済の減速に伴う輸出や生産の減退で、低成長が長期化する不安もくすぶる。
The ECB’s aim of attempting to underpin the economy by launching another wave of monetary easing to dig up demand for capital among companies and individuals is appropriate. もう一段の金融緩和を敢行し、企業や個人の資金需要を掘り起こして、経済を下支えしようとするＥＣＢの狙いは適切である。
In the markets, the additional easing was welcomed in some quarters, which sent shares up and the euro down against the dollar. However, before long, share prices dipped and the euro strengthened again. ただ、市場では、いったんは追加緩和が好感され、株高・ユーロ安が進んだが、まもなく株安・ユーロ高に転じた。
Risks of easy money
At a press conference, ECB President Mario Draghi stated, “We don’t expect that it will be necessary to reduce rates further.” This comment was made to dash market expectations for further easing. ＥＣＢのドラギ総裁が記者会見で「更なる利下げは想定していない」と明言し、一層の緩和を期待する市場を失望させたためだ。
We think this symbolizes the extent to which the eurozone economy has become dependent on monetary easing. ユーロ圏経済が、いかに「金融緩和頼み」の状態にあるかを象徴していると言える。
If the ECB continues to push interest rates deeper into negative territory, it runs the risk of worsening side effects such as weakening banks’ earnings and causing real estate prices to soar as money freed up by the easing pours into this sector. マイナス金利を拡大し続ければ、銀行の収益悪化や、緩和マネーが流れ込む不動産の価格高騰など副作用が深刻化しかねない。
Germany and other nations that oppose purchasing massive volumes of government bonds may strengthen their opposition to the plan, leading to the unraveling of the unity among euro nations and heightening the risk of sparking turmoil in the markets. 国債の大量購入に否定的なドイツなどが緩和策への反発を強め、ユーロ圏の結束が乱れて、市場を動揺させるリスクも高まろう。
A recovery of Europe’s economy that relies only on monetary policies will be fragile. As was confirmed during February’s meeting of finance ministers and central bank governors of the Group of 20 major economies, each European country should be using every policy at its disposal, such as devising growth strategies and fiscal stimulus packages. 金融政策だけに依存する欧州経済の再生は危うい。２月の主要２０か国・地域（Ｇ２０）財務相・中央銀行総裁会議で確認したように、欧州各国は成長戦略や財政出動など他の政策も総動員すべきだ。
In southern European nations, where unemployment levels remain high, labor market reforms and other steps to improve mobility in employment will be vital. 失業率が高止まりする南欧諸国では、雇用の流動性を高める労働市場改革などが重要となる。
We hope Germany, which has the financial wherewithal to do so, will embark on a program to increase government expenditures to stimulate the economy and pull growth along. 財政余力のあるドイツは、景気を刺激する歳出拡大に乗り出し、成長を牽引けんいんしてもらいたい。
Another urgent task is restoring the health of the financial system by accelerating efforts by each bank in Europe to dispose of nonperforming loans. 欧州の各銀行の不良債権処理を加速し、金融システムの健全性を取り戻すことも急務である。
While Europe and Japan continue their monetary easing, the United States is searching for an opportunity to raise interest rates again. Financial authorities in each nation must exercise great care to ensure sudden currency flows seeking to take advantage of differences in the direction of their policies do not throw the markets into confusion. 欧州と日本が緩和を続ける一方で、米国は追加利上げの時機を探っている。政策の方向性の違いを突く急激な資金移動が市場を攪乱かくらんしないよう、各国の金融当局は細心の注意を払わねばならない。
The Yomiuri Shimbun Giants must work toward ensuring self-discipline on part of players 巨人野球賭博 選手の規律順守を徹底したい
Pitcher Kyosuke Takagi of the Yomiuri Giants has admitted his involvement in gambling on Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) games. He is the latest Giants player to admit betting on ball games, following three other pitchers who were suspended by NPB last November for an indefinite period. 読売巨人軍の高木京介投手が野球賭博に関与していたことを認めた。日本プロフェッショナル野球組織（ＮＰＢ）から昨年１１月に無期失格処分を受けた３投手に続く不祥事だ。
The Giants have made all-out efforts to regain confidence lost over the gambling scandal. It is extremely regrettable that the latest revelation came out shortly before the pennant race begins, betraying baseball fans again. The club’s president, Hiroshi Kubo, apologized at a news conference, saying, “I couldn’t regret this any more than I do.” 巨人軍は、球団を挙げて信頼回復に取り組んできた。プロ野球の開幕間近に、ファンを再び裏切ることになったのは、極めて残念な事態である。巨人軍の久保博社長は記者会見で、「重ね重ね、痛恨の極みです」と謝罪した。
The club has filed a complaint against Takagi with NPB Commissioner Katsuhiko Kumazaki. Appropriate disciplinary action will be handed down following the NPB’s investigations. 巨人軍は、高木選手をＮＰＢの熊崎勝彦コミッショナーに告発した。ＮＰＢの調査を経て、厳正な処分が下されよう。
To take the responsibility for a series of gambling scandals, Giants owner Kojiro Shiraishi, Chairman Tsunekazu Momoi and Executive Adviser Tsuneo Watanabe have resigned. Shoichi Oikawa, executive adviser of The Yomiuri Shimbun Holdings, will succeed Shiraishi as the club’s owner. 一連の問題の責任を取り、巨人軍の白石興二郎オーナー、桃井恒和会長、渡辺恒雄最高顧問が辞任した。後任のオーナーには、老川祥一・読売新聞グループ本社最高顧問が就いた。
“I deeply apologize to all baseball fans,” Oikawa said. “I would like to regain the trust of the public as soon as possible.” 老川新オーナーは、「すべての野球ファンに深くお詫わびを申し上げます。一刻も早く信頼を回復したい」と語った。
Lawyer Noboru Matsuda, who has served in such positions as chief of the special investigation squad of the Tokyo District Public Prosecutors Office, has assumed the post of acting owner. We want him to help the team strengthen its discipline. オーナー代行には、東京地検特捜部長などを歴任した弁護士の松田昇氏が就任した。巨人軍の綱紀粛正に力を注いでもらいたい。
Bolster instruction programs
Takagi bet on eight or nine professional baseball games from April to May in 2014 at the inducement of Shoki Kasahara, who was disqualified indefinitely. Takagi bet against a restaurateur who is an acquaintance of Kasahara. NPB investigations determined that the man habitually bets on baseball games. 高木選手は２０１４年４～５月に、無期失格となった笠原将生元選手に誘われて、プロ野球の８～９試合を対象に賭けをした。相手は、笠原元選手の知人の飲食店経営者だ。ＮＰＢの調査で野球賭博常習者と認定されている。
Takagi’s acts obviously violate the article of the Nippon Professional Baseball Agreement that bans betting on baseball games. He bowed at a press conference, saying, “I am very sorry for betraying the confidence of the people concerned.” 高木選手の行為は、試合を対象にした賭けを禁じた野球協約に明らかに違反する。記者会見で「関係者の皆さんを裏切ってしまい、本当に申し訳ありませんでした」と頭を下げた。
In hearings conducted by the club, questioning all Giants players, Takagi denied involvement in gambling on ball games. The restaurateur in question did not comply with the club’s request for cooperation in the investigation. 巨人軍が全選手を対象に実施したヒアリング調査で、高木選手は野球賭博への関与を否定していた。飲食店経営者は、巨人軍の調査協力要請に応じなかった。
The probe by the club, which has no investigatory power, could have its own limits. But the fact remains that the club could not uncover Takagi’s involvement when the wrongdoing by the other three players came to light. It cannot be helped if the club is criticized, in hindsight, for failing to conduct a thorough probe. 捜査権を持たない球団の調査には、限界があるだろう。だが、３選手の不祥事が明らかになった際、高木選手の関与をあぶり出せなかったことは事実だ。結果として、調査を尽くさなかったと批判されても、仕方あるまい。
Kazuhiro Kiyohara, who once played with the Giants, has been indicted on charges of possessing stimulant drugs. かつて巨人軍に在籍した清原和博元選手は、覚醒剤取締法違反（所持）で起訴された。
Children look up to pro baseball players. If they commit wrongdoing, it will have a big social impact. Fully aware of the heavy responsibility they bear, they need to exercise self-discipline throughout their careers and even after retirement. プロ野球選手は、子供たちのあこがれの存在だ。不祥事を起こせば、社会的影響が大きい。重い責任を背負っているという自覚を持ち、現役中はもちろん、引退後も身を律することが求められる。
The Giants must bolster instruction of their players through seminars and other programs. 巨人軍は、研修などで選手教育を強化しなければならない。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 11 EDITORIAL: The voices from Tohoku must be heard 5 years after the disaster （社説）震災から５年 心は一つ、じゃない世界で
Exactly five years have passed since March 11, 2011, when Japan was struck by what has been described as the biggest postwar national crisis. On that day, the Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent tsunami ravaged wide areas in the northeastern Tohoku region and triggered the meltdowns at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant. 戦後最大の国難といわれた東日本大震災と福島第一原発の事故が起きた「３・１１」から、５年がたつ。
Reconstruction work is continuing in coastal areas of Miyagi and Iwate prefectures. Many residents are still struggling to rebuild their shattered livelihoods. 宮城県や岩手県の海沿いでは工事の音が鳴り響く。だが、暮らしの再建はこれからだ。
Around 170,000 people, mainly residents in Fukushima Prefecture, are living away from their homes as evacuees. 福島県をはじめ、約１７万人が避難先での生活を強いられている。
People in the affected areas are still reeling from the aftermath and fallout of the devastating natural disasters and the harrowing nuclear accident. 震災と原発事故は、今もなお続いている。
But how many people in other parts of the nation far from the stricken areas truly understand the harsh realities in communities battered by the disasters? 被災地から離れた全国で、その現実感を保つ人はどれだけいるだろう。
GAP WIDENS BETWEEN AFFECTED AREAS, OUTSIDE WORLD ■深まる「外」との分断
Immediately after the disasters occurred, everybody’s heart went out to people in the affected areas. Many Japanese talked about “mutual support” and the “ties” that bound them with the victims. The kanji for “kizuna,” meaning “human bonds,” was chosen as the Chinese character that most powerfully symbolized the year. 直後は、だれもが被災地のことを思い、「支え合い」「つながろう」の言葉を口にした。年の世相を表す「今年の漢字」に、「絆」が選ばれもした。
But we now wonder if all of the sympathetic feelings expressed back then were genuine. In the disaster-stricken areas, many people are lamenting the growing psychological distance with the rest of Japan. Various emotionally charged issues have divided communities in the affected areas. あの意識ははたして本物だったろうか。被災地の間ではむしろ、距離が開いていく「分断」を憂える声が聞こえてくる。
They include forcing residents to leave the places where they have lived for a long time, and constructing levees that separate the land from the sea, which has supported their livelihoods. 住み慣れた土地を離れる住宅移転。生活の場である海と陸とを隔てる防潮堤。
Debates over whether to preserve or remove remnants of buildings destroyed by the disasters have raised complicated feelings: a desire to forget what happened mixed with a determination to never forget. 「忘れたい」と「忘れまい」が同居する震災遺構。それぞれの問題をめぐり地元の意見は割れてきた。
Such divisions threaten to destroy harmony among community members. The problem is most acutely felt in Fukushima Prefecture. 人間と地域の和が壊れる。その痛みがもっとも深刻なのは、福島県だ。
Disputes over the effects of radiation have shaken residents’ values and judgments. The problem has been compounded by the fact that Tokyo Electric Power Co., operator of the Fukushima No. 1 plant, paid different amounts of compensation to victims based on radiation levels in their areas. Families and communities have been split into opposing groups. 放射線の影響をめぐり、住民の価値観や判断は揺れた。線量による区域割りで東京電力からの賠償額が違ったことも絡み、家族や地域は切り刻まれた。
Some residents are working hard to repair the severed ties, and a variety of efforts are under way to heal wounded communities. They include a program to guide visitors to deserted towns and a project to provide information about Fukushima to people who voluntarily fled their communities in the prefecture. ささくれだつ空気の中で、修復を求めて奔走する人たちはいた。無人の町を訪問者に案内したり、自主避難者向けに福島からの情報発信を始めたり。さまざまな活動が生まれた。
Sachiko Bamba, a resident of Minami-Soma city, has worked with doctors to organize more than 80 study sessions to help citizens learn about radiation. 南相馬市の番場さち子さんもその一人だ。医師と一緒に放射線についての市民向け勉強会を８０回以上重ねた。
Her project is driven by the belief that acquiring accurate knowledge about radiation helps people make educated decisions about their futures and assume a positive attitude toward life. まずは正しい知識を得る。それが今後の生活の方針を納得して選び、前向きになる支えになると考えた。
Bamba and other like-minded people are concerned that residents’ struggles to overcome the huge challenges over the past five years remain largely unknown to people in other parts of the nation, creating widening perception gaps. 番場さんらがいま懸念するのは、５年にわたる苦悩と克服の歩みが、被災地の「外」に伝わらず、認識のギャップが広がっていることだ。
They still receive questions from people outside Fukushima Prefecture on whether local residents must wear masks when they go out or whether rice produced in Fukushima Prefecture is safe for eating. 「福島県では外出時にマスクは必要か」「福島産の米は食べられるのか」。県外から、そんな質問が今も続く。
The safety of various farm products from Fukushima Prefecture has been confirmed through constant measurements of airborne radiation and human exposure doses as well as continuous efforts to decontaminate polluted areas and check radiation in all foodstuffs. 空間線量や体内の被曝（ひばく）の継続的な測定、食材の全量検査、除染作業などさまざまな努力を重ねた結果、安全が確かめられたものは少なくない。
But people outside the prefecture are not receiving much information about such improvements and progress. だが、そうした正常化された部分は、県外になかなか伝わらない。
Last year, a man outside Fukushima Prefecture who called himself an anti-nuclear activist criticized a mother for remaining in Koriyama and supposedly exposing her child to health risks. She was deeply disheartened by the simple, inconsiderate and ill-founded argument against living in Fukushima that was based on his opposition to nuclear power. 郡山市に住む母親は昨年、県外の反原発活動家を名乗る男性から「子供が病気になる」と非難された。原発への否定を無頓着に福島への忌避に重ねる口調に落胆した。
“How long will this kind of nonsense continue?” she uttered to herself. 「まだこんなことが続くのか」
STUDENTS SEEKING WORDS FOR COMMUNICATION ■「言葉」を探す高校生
It is probably inevitable that differences in perceptions will appear over time between people in the disaster areas and those in the rest of the nation. 時がたてば、被災地とほかとの間に意識の違いが生じるのは仕方のないことでもある。
To make our society less vulnerable to disasters, however, it is vital to constantly narrow such perception gaps. The positions of people currently struggling with hardships and those who are not may be reversed at any time. だが、災害に強い社会を築くには、その溝を埋める不断の努力が欠かせない。いま苦境と闘う人と、そうでない人とは、いつ立場が変わるかも知れない。
People in Fukushima Prefecture want to share their experiences over the past five years with the outside world. They believe the facts about the divisions caused by the nuclear disaster and their efforts to overcome them should be part of the lessons learned by the entire nation. 福島の人びとが「この５年」を外に知ってほしいと思うのは、原発事故がもたらす分断の実相と克服の努力を全国の教訓として共有すべきだと考えるからでもある。
People in the prefecture are continuing their quest to find ways to achieve this goal. 模索は続いている。
At Futaba Future School, a prefectural high school that opened last spring in the town of Hirono, Fukushima Prefecture, theater is a required course. 福島県広野町に昨春開校した県立ふたば未来学園高校では必修科目に演劇を組み入れる。
The course is taught by reputed playwright Oriza Hirata, who has instructed his students to “express as they are the discrepancies in feelings due to different positions and unsolvable issues.” 指導する劇作家の平田オリザ氏が生徒たちに課したのは、「立場の違いによるすれ違いや解決できない課題をそのまま表現する」こと。
At the outset of the course, Hirata told the students: “Let me tell you something. Nobody in the world understands things about Fukushima and you.” 授業の冒頭、平田氏は言う。「言っとくけど、福島や君たちのことなんて世界の誰も理解なんてしてないからね」
The challenge facing the students is how to communicate their feelings to indifferent people. Tackling this challenge requires them to ask themselves whether they can really imagine the feelings of others. 関心のない人に、どうやったら自分の思いが伝わるか。それは同時に、自分が他者の思いを想像できているかを自問することにもなる。
Bamba of Minami-Soma has also set up a study group to learn from TEPCO executives. She decided to stay in contact with the operator of the crippled nuclear plant to learn more about the company, which is responsible for rebuilding the devastated communities in the prefecture. 番場さんは、福島担当の東電役員を招いた勉強会も始めた。事故を起こした東電とあえて交流するのは、最後まで福島の再生に努める責任を負っている相手のことを知るためだ。
In this world, people’s hearts are not one. History is littered with many examples of painful divisions among people, including the cases of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the only cities to suffer a nuclear attack, communities afflicted by pollution-caused diseases like Minamata disease, and Okinawa Prefecture, which has been forced to bear an excessive burden of hosting U.S. military bases. この世は、「心は一つ」ではない。歴史をみれば、分断はいくつも存在した。原爆に苦しんだ広島と長崎、水俣病など公害に侵された町、過大な米軍基地を押しつけられた沖縄――。
Various areas around this nation have been suffering on their own and fighting the pain caused by misunderstandings and perception gaps. Exchanges are growing between Fukushima Prefecture and other areas grappling with these problems. 重い痛みを背負い、他者との意識差に傷つき悩みながら闘ってきた全国の地域がある。いま、そうした地域と福島とで交流する催しが増えている。
START WITH THINGS THAT CANNOT BE EASILY SHARED ■伝わらないことから
If people living in different places and thinking about different issues want to connect with each other, they need to start talking about things that they both do not understand and continue their dialogue. 住む場所も考える問題も違う人間同士が「つながる」ためには、「互いにわからない」ことから出発し、対話を重ねていくしかない。
“A desire to communicate is only born out of an experience of being unable to communicate,” Hirata says. “From this point of view, children in the stricken areas who have experienced the disaster, the mutual help and the divisions have the potential to play leading roles in reconstruction efforts and open up a new future for our society.” 「伝えたい気持ちは、伝わらない経験があって初めて生まれる。その点で、震災と助け合いと分断とを経験した被災地の子どもたちには、復興を担い、世の中を切りひらく潜在的な力がある」と平田氏は言う。
Every Japanese should pay fresh and serious attention--and respond--to the messages people in the affected areas are sending out. 被災地からの発信を一人ひとりが受け止め、返していくことから、もう一度始めたい。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 10 EDITORIAL: Despite utilities’ attempts, nuclear safety myth can never be revived （社説）原発事故から５年 許されぬ安全神話の復活
Japan should become a society that is not dependent on nuclear power generation as quickly as possible. できるだけ早く原子力発電に頼らない社会を実現すべきだ。
Five years have passed since the Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent tsunami devastated wide areas in the northeastern Tohoku region on March 11, 2011, triggering the crisis at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant. 東日本大震災と福島第一原発の事故が起きてから、明日で５年になる。
Our editorials will continue arguing for a nuclear-free future for Japanese society. 私たちは社説で改めて、「原発ゼロ社会」の実現を訴えていく。
The Otsu District Court in Shiga Prefecture on March 9 issued an injunction against the operation of two reactors at Kansai Electric Power Co.’s Takahama nuclear power plant in Fukui Prefecture. The court told the utility to immediately shut down the No. 3 reactor at the plant and keep the No. 4 unit off-line. Both reactors were restarted earlier this year, but a malfunction automatically shut down the No. 4 unit on Feb. 29. 大津地裁はきのう、関西電力高浜３、４号機（福井県）の運転を差し止める仮処分決定を出した。
It was the first time for a Japanese court to order a halt to an online nuclear reactor. 稼働中の原発を司法が止めるのは初めてのことだ。
The Abe administration can hardly claim that its policy decisions concerning nuclear power generation have been solidly based on lessons learned from the Fukushima nuclear disaster. 安倍政権は、福島の原発事故の教訓をできる限り生かしたとは到底言えない。
Rather, the administration has been trying to revive the nuclear power policy that was in place before the disaster and restart as many reactors as possible. 原発政策を震災前に押し戻し、再稼働へ突き進もうとしている。
The court decision echoes public anxiety about the government’s move to gradually regain Japan’s nuclear capacity without serious public debate on the issue. 今回の地裁の判断は、なし崩しの再稼働に対する国民の不安に沿ったものでもある。
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s government should sincerely respond to the important social changes caused by the triple meltdown and take steps toward a major shift in energy policy. 安倍政権は、原発事故がもたらした社会の変化に真摯（しんし）に向き合い、エネルギー政策の大きな転換へと動くべきである。
MANY QUESTIONS ABOUT NEW SAFETY STANDARDS ■新基準にも疑問
As for the Takahama plant, the Fukui District Court issued an injunction against plans to restart the two reactors in April last year. 高浜をめぐっては昨年４月にも福井地裁が再稼働を禁じる仮処分決定を出した。
Although another judge at the district court repealed the injunction eight months later, the fact remains that the judiciary has twice denied the safety of reactors that passed the Nuclear Regulation Authority’s stricter safety standards introduced after the Fukushima disaster. 約８カ月後に別の裁判長が取り消したとはいえ、原子力規制委員会が「新規制基準に適合している」と判断した原発の安全性が２度にわたり否定された。
When the Fukui District Court in April rejected the restarts of the reactors, proponents of nuclear power generation played down the importance of the order, saying it was “an exceptional decision by an exceptional judge.” After the Otsu District Court’s injunction, however, this argument no longer holds water. 昨年４月の際、原発推進の立場からは「特異な裁判長による特異な判断」との批判もあったが、もはやそんなとらえ方をするわけにはいかない。
Looking back on the harrowing accident in Fukushima Prefecture, the district court pointed out that a severe nuclear accident could cause environmental destruction beyond national borders. It is hard to assert that efficiency in power generation should be pursued even at the risk of devastating disasters, the court maintained. 今回の決定は、事故を振り返り、環境破壊は国を超える可能性さえあるとし、「単に発電の効率性をもって、甚大な災禍とひきかえにすべきだとは言い難い」と述べた。
The court also contended that the NRA and Kansai Electric have made insufficient efforts to pinpoint the causes of the Fukushima accident. そのうえで事故原因の究明について関電や規制委の姿勢は不十分と批判。
The NRA’s endorsement of the safety of a reactor cannot be seen as a base for a sense of security within society, the court said. 規制委の許可がただちに社会の安心の基礎となるとは考えられないと断じた。
The court’s decision that meeting the new regulatory standards alone does not necessarily ensure the safety of a reactor has huge implications. 新たな規制基準を満たしたとしても、それだけで原発の安全性が確保されるわけではない。その司法判断の意味は重い。
Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga has said the Abe administration remains committed to promoting reactor restarts in line with the NRA’s judgments. 安倍政権は「規制委の判断を尊重して再稼働を進める方針に変わりない」（菅官房長官）としている。
But the administration should carefully consider the significance of the fact that the judiciary has raised fundamental questions about the entire system of post-Fukushima nuclear safety regulation. だが、事故後の安全規制の仕組み全般について、司法が根源的な疑問を呈した意味をよく考えるべきだ。
EVACUATION PLANS IN DOUBT ■問われる避難計画
An Asahi Shimbun editorial published in July 2011 called for the creation of a society without nuclear power. 朝日新聞は２０１１年７月に社説で「原発ゼロ社会」を提言した。
While supporting the temporary operation of the minimum number of reactors that are absolutely needed to meet electricity demand, the editorial proposed that nuclear power generation should be phased out in two to three decades by decommissioning dangerous and aging reactors. 当面どうしても必要な原発の稼働は認めるものの、危険度の高い原発や古い原発から閉めて２０～３０年後をめどにすべて廃炉にするという考えだ。
In fact, all nuclear reactors in Japan were off-line for about two years and one month over the past five years. No serious power crunches or economic upheavals took place during the period, disproving initial warnings about such possibilities. The experiences during the period have shown that the number of “absolutely necessary nuclear reactors” is not that many. This lends weight to the argument that strict conditions must be met for restarting a reactor. 実際にはこの５年のうち約２年１カ月は国内の原発がすべて止まっていた。当初心配された深刻な電力不足や経済の大混乱は起きず、「どうしても必要な原発」はさほど多くないことがわかった。再稼働の条件は厳しく設定すべきである。
A growing number of Japanese are calling for the immediate shutdown of all reactors or a steady reduction in Japan’s dependence on nuclear energy. An Asahi Shimbun public opinion poll in February confirmed this trend; a majority of respondents voiced opposition to reactor restarts. 原発の即時全面停止や依存度低減といった脱原発を求める世論が高まり、先月の朝日新聞の世論調査でも過半数が再稼働に反対している。
The Abe administration initially pledged to lower the nation’s dependence on nuclear power over time. But it has gradually ratcheted up its rhetoric in promoting nuclear power generation through remarks that appear designed to create a new “nuclear safety myth.” 安倍政権は当初は「原発依存度の低減」を掲げたが、徐々に新たな「安全神話」を思わせる言動が目立っている。
In his 2013 speech supporting Tokyo’s bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Abe told the world that the situation concerning radioactive water from the crippled Fukushima plant was “under control.” 安倍首相は１３年、東京五輪招致で原発の汚染水状況を「アンダーコントロール（管理下にある）」と世界にアピールした。
He has also contended in the Diet that the NRA’s new safety standards were “the strictest in the world.” 規制委の新基準についても国会で「世界一厳しい」と持ち上げた。
But the Otsu District Court’s decision adjudged the standards as insufficient for giving the green light to a reactor restart. だが、今回の地裁決定は、その基準も再稼働の十分条件ではないとの判断を示した。
In addition, there have been serious concerns about the lack of effective and reliable plans for emergency evacuations during severe nuclear accidents. さらに避難計画の不備はかねて懸念の的だった。
The new safety standards do not cover evacuation plans, and the NRA does not examine such plans when it evaluates the safety of a reactor. 新基準に避難計画は入っておらず、規制委の審査対象になっていない。
In the case of the Takahama plant, a severe nuclear accident would force about 180,000 residents in Fukui, Kyoto and Shiga prefectures to evacuate. But no drill to ascertain the viability of evacuation plans was conducted before the two reactors resumed operations. 高浜の場合、福井、京都、滋賀の３府県にまたがる約１８万人が避難を余儀なくされるが、再稼働前に計画の実効性を確かめる訓練も実施されなかった。
The court referred to the government’s “obligation to develop regulatory standards from a broad perspective that also covers the need of evacuation plans.” The government should immediately respond to this proposition. 地裁は「避難計画をも視野に入れた幅広い規制基準をつくる義務が国家にあるのではないか」と投げかけた。政府がただちに答えるべき問いだ。
NUCLEAR POWER OF GREAT PUBLIC CONCERN ■国民の重大な関心事
Despite the enormous scale of damage caused by the Fukushima accident, the responsibility of those who had championed nuclear power generation has yet to be clarified. あれだけの事故でありながら原発を推進してきた人たちの責任は明らかになっていない。
As the Otsu District Court pointed out, the Japanese public who watched the disaster unfold at the Fukushima No. 1 plant understand the “overwhelming scope” of the damages caused by the accident as well as the “great confusion” that arose during the evacuation process. 大津地裁が言う通り、原発事故を経験した国民は事故の影響の範囲について、「圧倒的な広さとその避難に大きな混乱が生じたことを知悉（ちしつ）している」。
Yet both the government and electric utilities are working in tandem to restart reactors as if they have forgotten what happened five years ago. にもかかわらず、政府と電力会社は事故を忘れたかのように再稼働へ足並みをそろえる。
Some revelations have cast serious doubt about utilities’ commitment to learning lessons from the accident and putting the top priority on safety. Tokyo Electric Power Co., operator of the stricken Fukushima plant, recently “discovered” a guideline in its operational manual that would have allowed it to announce core meltdowns much earlier than it did. Kyushu Electric Power Co. has asked for the NRA’s permission to withdraw a plan to build a quake-proof building that can serve as an on-site response center during a severe nuclear accident. The company promised to build the emergency facility at its Sendai nuclear power plant before it restarted two reactors at the plant last year. 東京電力が炉心溶融の判定基準を今ごろ「発見」したり、九州電力が川内（せんだい）原発の再稼働前に約束していた免震重要棟の建設を撤回したりと、事業者の反省、安全優先の徹底は怪しい。
These episodes raise suspicions that the utilities are returning to their pre-disaster practice of cunningly using experts to make key decisions about their nuclear power operations within the close-knit pro-nuclear community. 専門家をうまく使い、事故前のように仲間内で決めようとしているのか。疑念が膨らむ。
Many issues concerning nuclear power policy are too complicated and arcane for ordinary citizens to easily understand. But the Fukushima nuclear crisis has reminded Japanese that nuclear power generation is an issue that is directly linked to their livelihoods and lifestyle choices. 原子力政策は難解だが、原発は、人びとの暮らし方、生き方の選択と直結した問題であることを事故は思い起こさせた。
No matter how hard they try to revive the safety myth about nuclear power, government policymakers and members of the “nuclear village,” the closed and small community of people and organizations with vested interests in promoting nuclear power, will never be able to bring the nation back to the days before the Fukushima disaster. 政権と少数の「原発ムラ」関係者たちが、いくら安全神話を復活させようとしても、事故前に戻ることはできない。
Nuclear power generation has already become a familiar issue and a matter of serious concern to the great majority of Japanese. 原発はすでに大多数の国民の、身近で重大な関心事なのである。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 9 EDITORIAL: Tokyo and Seoul must be faithful to agreement on 'comfort women' （社説）慰安婦問題 日韓合意を育てるには
In its concluding observations, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) on March 7 criticized Japan for failing to "fully adopt a victim-centered approach" over the December 2015 Japan-South Korea agreement on the "comfort women" issue. 国連の女子差別撤廃委員会（ＣＥＤＡＷ）は、慰安婦問題をめぐる昨年末の日韓合意について「被害者中心のアプローチが十分にとられていない」などと遺憾を表す最終見解を発表した。
The Japanese government reacted with displeasure. "That's a real shame as it (the panel's reaction) diverges greatly from the reception of the international community," Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida told a news conference on March 8. これに対し、岸田文雄外相が「国際社会の受け止めとはかけ離れている」と述べるなど、日本政府は反発している。
But doesn't such a knee-jerk reaction to the CEDAW observations only convey to the people of both Japan and South Korea a message that is incongruous with the spirit of the agreement? しかし、国連委員会の見解に対して反発するだけでは、合意の精神から離れたメッセージを日韓両国民に送ることにならないか。
We believe the only reasonable response to the CEDAW observations now is to act faithfully on each clause of the agreement, one by one. こうした見解や見方に対する答えは、合意の中身を一つずつ着実に実行に移していくことに尽きるはずだ。
For decades, the comfort women issue plagued both Tokyo and Seoul, and the partners were finally able to reach an agreement at the end of the landmark 50th year of the normalization of their diplomatic ties. 慰安婦問題は、日韓国交正常化５０年という節目の年の最後になってようやく合意をみた、両国政府にとって長年の懸案だった。
U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, as well as the leaders of the United States and other countries, hailed the efforts made by Tokyo and Seoul to reach that accord. 合意に対して、国連の潘基文（パンギムン）・事務総長や米国をはじめとする国々から、日韓のその努力と成果に対して歓迎の意を表する動きがあった。
However, the contents of the agreement can hardly be said to have been fully appreciated in either country. In fact, there still remain very hard feelings about the agreement in both countries, particularly in South Korea. しかし、日韓双方の国内で合意内容が浸透したと言える状況にはない。むしろ、日韓両国、とりわけ韓国国内には強い反対意見があるのが現状だ。
Precisely because such is the case, no final resolution to the comfort women issue can be hoped for unless the governments abide by the agreement. And for that, the political leaders of both nations must be firmly resolved to abide by it. それだけに、政府間で約束が守られなければ、最終的な解決など望めない。そのためには日韓の政治指導者の強い意思が欠かせない。
Fortunately, some signs of change have been seen. For example, when a lawmaker of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party called the women "professional prostitutes" after the agreement was signed, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, speaking in the Diet, immediately chastised the offending lawmaker for misrepresenting the spirit of the agreement. 実際、変化の兆しも出てきてはいる。日韓合意の発表後、慰安婦のことを「職業としての娼婦（しょうふ）」と発言した自民党の国会議員に対し、安倍首相は国会ですぐに「合意を踏まえた発言を」などと諭した。
And on the South Korean side, Foreign Minister Yun Byung-se made no mention of the comfort women issue when he recently attended a U.N. Human Rights Council session. This was a first since President Park Geun-hye took office in 2013. 一方、韓国の尹炳世（ユンビョンセ）外相は先日開かれた国連人権理事会で、慰安婦問題について言及しなかった。朴政権になって初めてのことだ。
It is vital that both Tokyo and Seoul continue making these efforts. 双方とも、こうした努力を重ねることが重要だ。
Under the agreement, the Japanese government is to pledge 1 billion yen ($8.8 million) to a fund to be established by the South Korean government for carrying out "projects for recovering the honor and dignity and healing the psychological wounds of all comfort women." 日韓は、韓国政府が作る財団に日本が政府予算から１０億円を出すことで一致している。「元慰安婦の名誉と尊厳の回復、心の傷の癒やしのための事業」にあたるためだ。
This arrangement partly addresses the CEDAW's reference to Japan's need to "adopt a victim-centered approach." 最終見解の勧告にある「被害者中心のアプローチ」に重なる部分がある。
The agreement also confirms both countries' intention to resolve the comfort women issue "finally and irreversibly." また、両政府は慰安婦問題の「最終的かつ不可逆的」な解決も確認しあっている。
Both governments must strive to honor this agreement and continue to calmly exchange their views based on objective facts. 両国政府関係者は、この合意が保たれるように努力し、双方が事実に基づいた冷静な主張を重ねていく必要がある。
To change the international community's perception of the comfort women issue, it is vital that Japan and South Korea work together to act fully and faithfully on the agreement and let it grow strong by deepening their mutual trust. 日韓が手を携えて合意の内容を着実に履行する。互いに信頼関係を深めながら大きく育てていく。慰安婦問題をみつめる国際社会の視線を変えることも、こうした取り組みの積み重ねにかかっているはずだ。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 7 EDITORIAL: Broadcasters must stand up to LDP pressure （社説）「停波」発言 放送局の姿勢を見たい
Communications minister Sanae Takaichi has reiterated that she or others in her post could order broadcasters to suspend operations if they repeatedly air politically unfair programs. 政治的に公平でない番組を繰り返し流した場合、時の総務大臣の判断で、放送局に電波停止を命じることもありうる――。 高市早苗総務相が、こう繰り返し表明している。
Takaichi, who also said some of her predecessors made similar remarks, has ruled out changing her position despite a series of statements by media executives and legal scholars criticizing her assertion. これまでの総務大臣も同様のことを述べてきた、とも言っている。放送関係者や法学者らによる批判声明が相次いでいるが、考えを変えるつもりはないという。
Takaichi doesn’t understand the spirit of the Broadcast Law. 高市氏は放送法の意義を理解していない。
The principal aim of the law is to secure the freedom of expression guaranteed by the Constitution. 放送法の精神は、憲法が保障する表現の自由を確保することにある。
The law’s Article 4, which requires political fairness in broadcasting, should not be used as a legal base to penalize broadcasters with orders to suspend their operations. That’s because there can be no clear definition of the term “political fairness.” 様々に解釈できる「政治的公平」を定めた第４条を、停波という処分と結びつけるべきではない。
The communications minister, who is a politician, cannot be expected to serve as a good judge of whether a program is politically fair or not. 番組が政治的に公平か否か、自身も政治家である大臣が判断することには矛盾がある。
The current Liberal Democratic Party has taken a series of aggressive actions to meddle in the content of TV programs. The ruling party has made “requests” and conducted “interviews” that could be regarded as attempts to intimidate broadcasters. いまの自民党は、番組内容にまで踏み込み、威圧ともとれる「要望」や「事情聴取」などでテレビへの干渉を強めている。
Coming from a Cabinet minister of this high-handed governing party, Takaichi’s reference to possibly ordering broadcasters to suspend programs can be taken as an open challenge to the freedom of broadcasting. そんな政権党の大臣が「停波」を口にすることは、放送の自由への圧力と受け止められる。
What is worrisome is that TV broadcasters could be daunted by her words. 心配なのは、テレビ報道に萎縮が広がることだ。
Some employees of TV stations have reportedly said they feel silent pressure from their higher-ups. Others have mentioned growing signs that the people involved in producing TV programs are exercising self-restraint and using their own judgment to avoid provoking controversy. 「上から無言のプレッシャーがある」「自主規制や忖度（そんたく）によって萎縮が蔓延（まんえん）している」。現場にはそんな声があるという。
The people’s right to know, a foundation of democracy, would be seriously undermined if broadcasters conduct docile news reporting out of fear of being labeled “unfair” by the government. 政権から「公平ではない」と言われるのを恐れて報道が手ぬるくなれば、民主主義社会の基本である国民の知る権利の足元が掘り崩される。
Even if they are undaunted by the government’s threat, TV broadcasters would lose the trust of viewers if they suspect TV programs are made in line with the government’s wishes. 実際は萎縮していないとしても、視聴者が「政権の意に沿った放送だろう」と疑えば、テレビ報道は信頼を失う。
Takaichi’s remarks have effectively aroused such suspicions among the public. The situation is causing heavy losses for society. 高市氏の発言は結果として、こうした疑念を膨らませている。社会にとって大きな損失である。
Asked about Takaichi’s remarks, the heads of all the national TV networks have stressed that broadcasters are committed to the principle of “independence and autonomy.” They should demonstrate their commitment to the principle through their programs. 在京キー局のトップはみな、記者会見で高市氏の発言について問われ、「放送は自主自律」と答えている。その覚悟を具体的に示してほしい。
Some TV broadcasters have already aired programs that dug into this issue and showed their own positions while providing viewers with information to think about related questions themselves. すでに、この問題を掘り下げて、視聴者に考える材料を提供しながら、自らの姿勢を示した報道番組もある。
But such moves have been limited in scope and show no signs of developing into a major trend. だが、そうした動きは一部にとどまり、広がりが見えない。
Many newscasters who have criticized the government will be replaced as part of program changes this spring. This has made Japanese TV viewers attentive to the attitudes of TV broadcasters toward news reporting. 春の番組改編で、政権に厳しくものを言ってきたキャスターが次々と交代することもあり、視聴者は今後の報道姿勢を注目している。
As an important player in journalism, TV stations should do more to communicate their views and opinions directly to viewers. テレビ局は報道の担い手として、自分たちの考え方を、もっと積極的に直接視聴者に伝えたらどうだろうか。
Article 1 of the Broadcast Law says the law’s purpose is to “ensure that broadcasting will contribute to the sound development of democracy by clarifying the professional responsibilities of those who are involved in broadcasting.” 放送法第１条には「放送に携わる者の職責を明らかにすることによって、放送が健全な民主主義の発達に資するようにする」とある。
TV broadcasters have a duty to clearly show how they are trying to fulfill these responsibilities. それをどう実践しているのか、分かりやすく見せてほしい。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 6 EDITORIAL: LDP needs to be serious about narrowing vote-value gap （社説）衆院制度改革 放置できぬ格差拡大
There must be absolutely no further delay in the long-overdue electoral reform to redress grievous inequalities in representation. To reduce the glaring disparity in the relative weight of a vote in Lower House single-seat constituencies, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party should respond positively to the major reapportionment and redistricting proposals made by its junior coalition partner, Komeito, and the opposition Democratic Party of Japan. もはや待ったなしである。衆院小選挙区の一票の格差是正に向け、自民党は公明党や民主党が主張する定数配分の抜本改革案に歩み寄るべきだ。
The 2015 national census has confirmed the worsening of the situation. A vote in the least populous Miyagi No. 5 district is “worth” the value of 2.334 votes in the most populous Tokyo No. 1, according to preliminary figures announced by the internal affairs ministry on Feb. 26. 総務省が先月発表した２０１５年国勢調査の速報値によれば、人口が最も少ない宮城５区と最多の東京１区を比べると、格差は２・３３４倍となった。
The maximum gap in vote value narrowed to a ratio of 1.998 to 1 as a result of the changes made in 2013, which reduced the number of single-seat constituencies in five prefectures by one each. But the latest demographic data have found a vote-value disparity of more than two--the standard of the Supreme Court for ruling “a state of unconstitutionality”--in 37 districts, including 14 in Tokyo, when compared with Miyagi No. 5. １３年の「０増５減」に伴う区割り見直しで最大格差は１・９９８倍に縮小していたが、今回の調査では２倍以上の格差があるのは３７選挙区に上る。
As a formula to allocate Lower House seats to the 47 prefectures, a research council on the electoral system in January recommended the adoption of an apportion method that was proposed by John Quincy Adams, the sixth president of the United States. 都道府県の間の定数配分の計算式として、衆院議長の諮問機関である有識者調査会は「アダムズ方式」の導入による抜本改革を答申した。
Many parties including the DPJ and Komeito have said they will accept the proposal. While the LDP has shown a reluctance to immediately adopt the method, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has promised to “respect” the panel’s recommendations. 民主、公明など多くの党が受け入れを表明し、消極的な自民党も安倍首相が「尊重する」と答弁している。
The question is when the Adams method should be introduced. 残る焦点は、アダムズ方式をいつ導入するかだ。
In line with the panel’s proposal, which called for a net reduction of six seats elected in single-seat constituencies, the DPJ has proposed a combination of an increase of seven in the seats allocated to five prefectures and a reduction of one each in 13 prefectures, changes based on the 2010 national census. Komeito argues for an adjustment comprising an increase of nine seats combined with a reduction of 15 based on the 2015 data. 答申が求めた小選挙区定数の６削減を前提に定数配分を見直す場合、民主党は１０年調査に基づく「７増１３減」を、公明党は１５年調査に基づく「９増１５減」を主張している。
Abe, however, is apparently tilting toward the idea of limiting the immediate changes based on the 2015 census to cut six seats through redistricting within six prefectures. He prefers postponing a major overhaul based on the Adams apportion method until after the full census scheduled for 2020. 一方、安倍首相は１５年調査では、選挙区画見直しによる是正と定数の６減にとどめ、アダムズ方式導入による抜本改革は２０年の大規模調査以降に実施するとの方針だ。
Abe claims his position is in line with the council’s recommendations, which said a reapportionment based on the Adams formula should be carried out in response to the findings of full censuses conducted once a decade. アダムズ方式による配分見直しは１０年ごとの大規模国勢調査に基づき実施するとの答申に沿ったものだ、と首相はいう。
It is true that the panel didn’t propose any specific time frame for the reform. But Abe’s position ignores the reality of serious inequality in the value of votes. 確かに、答申に導入時期は書いていない。だが、首相の言い分は、投票価値の不平等という現実から目を背けている。
What is important is not to follow the letter of the panel’s recommendations. The crucial issue is how to respond to the calls for substantial electoral reform made by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court declared the past three Lower House elections to have been conducted “in a state of unconstitutionality” because of a sharp vote-value disparity. The court has also urged an early abolition of the method of first distributing one seat to each of the 47 prefectures before allocating the remaining seats. 大事なことは、答申に形式的に沿うことではない。過去３回の衆院選を違憲状態と判断し、「１人別枠」という定数配分方式の速やかな撤廃という最高裁の求めにどう応えるかだ。
The LDP’s “zero increase and six reduction” proposal would effectively keep the “one seat to each prefecture first” system intact. 自民党が今回実施するという「０増６減」では、１人別枠方式は実質的に温存される。
Given that at least one Lower House election will be held by the time of the next national census, Komeito’s argument for introducing the Adams approach immediately by applying it to the newest demographic data is the most reasonable one. 次の国勢調査までに少なくとも１回は衆院選があることを考えれば、最新データをもとにアダムズ方式を導入するとの公明党の主張が最も理にかなう。
Lower House Speaker Tadamori Oshima, who is serving as a broker in the negotiations over the issue among the parties, has expressed a desire to see the emergence of consensus by the end of this month. Abe should agree to the proposal put forward by Komeito, the LDP’s political ally. 調整役の大島衆院議長は今月中に結論を出したいというが、安倍首相は友党・公明党の主張を受け入れるべきだ。
We can understand the argument that slashing the number of seats allocated to sparsely populated areas would make it difficult to incorporate the voices of people in rural areas into the central government’s policies. 人口が少ない地域の定数が減れば、地方の声が国政に届きにくくなるという指摘があるのはわかる。
But the constitutional imperative of equality in the value of votes should not be obscured by this problem, which should be discussed from a different viewpoint. ただ、それは憲法が求める「投票価値の平等」とは別の観点から論ずべき問題だ。
The judiciary has ordered that the existing inequality should be redressed as quickly as possible. The legislature has a responsibility to carry out the order. いまある不平等を、できるだけ早く正す。それが司法の要請であり、立法府の責任である。
The Yomiuri Shimbun China’s People’s Congress prioritizes military despite economic slowdown 中国全人代開幕 経済減速でも続く「強軍路線」
Can China bring its economy to a soft landing by comprehensively employing policies such as structural reforms and fiscal measures? 構造改革や財政出動といった政策を総動員し、経済の軟着陸を図ることができるか。
China’s National People’s Congress has opened. 中国の全国人民代表大会（全人代＝国会）が開幕した。
In his address to the congress, Premier Li Keqiang announced the nation’s economic growth target will be set at “at least 6.5 percent” in the 13th five-year plan for economic and social policies from 2016 to 2020, down from an annual average of 7 percent in the previous plan. The figure was fixed in anticipation of such factors as a declining labor force. 李克強首相は演説で、２０１６～２０年の経済・社会政策に関する「第１３次５か年計画」の成長率目標を、前計画の年平均７％から引き下げ、「６・５％以上」に設定すると表明した。労働人口の減少などを見込んだものだ。
Li also said the country would further strengthen active fiscal policies. China intends to raise the ratio of the fiscal deficit to the gross domestic product to 3 percent this year from 2.4 percent last year, and expand fiscal expenditure. 李氏は「積極的な財政政策を一層強化する」とも述べた。今年は国内総生産（ＧＤＰ）に対する財政赤字の比率を前年の２・４％から３％に引き上げ、財政支出を拡大する方針だという。
The slowdown of the Chinese economy has triggered low crude oil prices and economic downturns in other emerging economies. 中国経済の減速は、原油安や新興国の景気悪化を招いている。
The primary cause for confusion on world financial markets is suspicion whether China will be able to smoothly shift to consumption-oriented stable growth from the high-growth model that depends on investment and exports. 投資や輸出に依存する高成長モデルから、消費主体の安定成長への転換が順調に進むかどうかを疑う見方が、世界の金融市場を混乱させた主因である。
The administration of President Xi Jinping must fulfill the responsibility of eliminating market concerns through appropriate management of the economy. 習近平政権は、適切な経済運営で、市場の不安を払拭する責務を果たさねばならない。
The key will be painful reforms, including the selection of ballooning government-owned companies, and the merger and abolition of excessive production facilities, such as those for iron and steel production. It will also be necessary to foster advanced technology industries in robotics, medicine and other fields as a driving force for new economic growth. カギを握るのは、肥大化する国有企業の淘汰とうたや鉄鋼などの過剰生産設備の統廃合といった痛みを伴う改革だ。新たな成長の牽引けんいん役として、ロボットや医療などの先端技術産業の育成も必要だろう。
Defense spending grows
It is also important to narrow the income gap between urban and farming areas and create a middle class that can drive consumption-led growth. 都市と農村の所得格差を縮め、消費主導の成長を担う中間層を創出していくことも大切となる。
Meanwhile, the expansion of China’s military power does not stop. China said at the congress that it would raise its military spending this year by 7.6 percent from the previous year. This is more than triple Japan’s defense-related spending. Although the increase is the first single-digit rise in six years, there is no change to the continuing growth of the country’s military budget. 一方、中国の軍事力の膨張は止まらない。全人代で発表された今年の軍事予算は前年より７・６％増えた。日本の防衛関係費の３倍以上だ。６年ぶりに１桁の伸びになったものの、予算規模が一段と増大したことに変わりはない。
Li stressed in his address that China would proceed with preparations for military struggle. This reflects the Xi administration’s policy of maintaining a strong military to try to remove U.S. influence in Asia by force. 李氏は演説で、「軍事闘争への備えを進める」と強調した。アジアから米国の影響力を力ずくで排除しようとする習政権の「強軍路線」を示したものと言えよう。
To cope readily with modern warfare, China implemented a military structural reform to establish joint operation of its air, sea and ground forces and a missile force. Budgets for the air and sea forces will receive priority. 中国は、現代戦に即応するため、陸海空３軍とロケット軍の統合運用体制を整える軍の機構改革を実施した。海空軍に予算を重点投入するのだろう。
Specifically, the focus of the military buildup is expected to be the construction of submarines and a domestically produced aircraft carrier to support its ambitious maritime advances. China will also likely stress the development of a new type of stealth fighter and a nuclear and missile buildup. 具体的には、野心的な海洋進出を支える潜水艦や国産空母などの建造が中心となる。新型ステルス戦闘機の開発、核・ミサイルの増強にも力を入れるとみられる。
Above all, China’s military spending is said to largely exceed what was announced. Beijing will not be able to eliminate concerns in the international community if it does not explain sufficiently about its spending to make artificial islands in the South China Sea into military strongholds and other developments. The opaque military expansion of the Xi administration only escalates regional tensions. 中国の軍事費は、そもそも公表分を大きく上回るとされる。南シナ海の人工島を軍事拠点化する費用などについて十分な説明がなければ、国際社会の懸念は拭えまい。習政権の不透明な軍拡は、地域の緊張を高めるだけである。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 4 EDITORIAL: The Constitution is not Abe’s plaything （社説）安倍首相へ あなたの憲法なのか
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe continues to show his ardent ambition to amend Japan’s postwar Constitution. 安倍首相が、憲法改正で踏み込んだ発言を続けている。
At a recent Upper House Budget Committee session, Abe voiced his desire to bring pro-amendment forces together for the two-thirds majority in both house of the Diet required to initiate the process for constitutional amendments, which includes a national referendum. He then indicated a time frame for achieving the goal. “I want to amend the Constitution while I am still in office,” he said. 改憲案を国民投票にかけるのに必要な３分の２以上の議席確保をめざす考えに続き、先の参院予算委員会では「私の在任中に成し遂げたいと考えている」と、期限まで示した。
Politicians are expected to talk about their policy goals. 政治家だから、自らの政治目標を語ることは一般的にはあるだろう。
But there is serious confusion of priorities in Abe’s agenda for constitutional amendments. しかし、憲法へのの態度にはあべこべがある。
One problem is how he intends to rewrite the Constitution. ひとつは改憲の進め方だ。
He says he will first seek to secure a two-thirds majority for pro-amendment politicians in both Diet houses. When asked which part of the Constitution he wants to change, however, he has repeatedly said that each party should make its own proposal for debate at the Commission on the Constitution of both houses. 首相はまず３分の２の勢力を集めたいという。では憲法のどこをどう変えるのかと問われると、「各党が（案を）出して、（国会の）憲法審査会で議論していくことが求められている」と繰り返す。
This is tantamount to saying he just wants to make any amendment to the Constitution, starting where there is the least resistance. 何でもいいから変えたい、やりやすいところからやりたい。こう言っているに等しい。
Abe’s approach to this policy challenge probably reflects his long-held wish to recreate the Constitution, which was “imposed” on Japan by the United States. 背景には、米国に「押しつけられた」憲法を、自らの手で制定し直したいとの思いがあるのだろう。
It is true that political discourse on the Constitution during the postwar era has been dominated by the amendment issue. 戦後の憲法論争が「変える」「変えない」を焦点にしてきたのも確かだ。
We can understand arguments to revise specific parts of the Constitution to correct perceived shortcomings. 憲法のここが不都合だから、こう正したい、そんな議論なら分かる。
But if Abe’s campaign for constitutional amendments puts priority on rewriting the document itself, then he is putting the cart before the horse. だが、「とにかく変える」ことが何よりも先だというなら、順序が逆さまだ。
Abe’s interest in protecting the Constitution stands in sharp contrast to his solid commitment to revising it. This is another example of his misplaced priorities. 一方、首相は改憲への意欲に比べ、憲法を守ることにはこだわりがないようだ。もうひとつのあべこべである。
Abe has overturned the government’s traditional interpretation of the Constitution regarding Japan’s right to collective self-defense. Only through discussions within his administration, Abe has thrown away the official government position, endorsed by successive Cabinets, that Japan must amend war-renouncing Article 9 if it wants to take part in collective self-defense. 憲法を改正しなければ集団的自衛権の行使はできないとの歴代内閣の解釈を、内部の議論だけで覆してしまう。
Despite repeated calls by the Supreme Court for reapportionment of Diet seats to realize equality in vote value, Abe has been trying to postpone taking necessary steps to tackle the problem. 最高裁から定数配分を見直し、投票価値の平等を実現するよう繰り返し求められても、先送りを図る。
More recently, Abe has refused to reprove communications minister Sanae Takaichi for her assertion that the government can legally shut down broadcasters that continue to air “biased political reports.” 最近は、高市総務相が放送法などをたてにテレビ局の電波停止の可能性に触れ、首相もこれを容認した。
A group of experts, including Yoichi Higuchi, professor emeritus of the Constitution at the University of Tokyo, said at a news conference in Tokyo on March 2 that it would be unconstitutional for Takaichi to take such a move based solely on the Broadcast Law’s Article 4, which requires political fairness and neutrality in broadcasting. これには樋口陽一・東大名誉教授らが、「政治的公平」などを定めた放送法の文言だけを根拠に処分を行うのは違憲だとの見解を表明している。
“The basic principle of a free democratic society that any person cannot appoint themselves as court judges about matters they are involved in is important,” Higuchi said of Takaichi’s claim. 樋口氏は「何人（なんぴと）も自分自身が関わっている事柄について裁判官となってはならない」と批判する。
By this comment Higuchi meant politicians are not entitled to determine the definition of political fairness. 何が政治的公平かを政治家が判断することはおかしい、との指摘である。
The Constitution imposes various restraints on the government’s power to prevent violations of people’s rights, such as freedom of expression. 憲法は、表現の自由など国民の権利がおかされないよう、権力に様々な制約を課している。
But the Abe administration has shown a disturbing tendency to disregard these restraints without much hesitation. ところが安倍政権は、こうした制約を乗り越えてしまうことに、あまりにためらいがない。
The administration’s lack of respect for the Constitution seems to be behind its anything-is-good attitude regarding its constitutional amendment agenda. 憲法を軽んじる姿勢が、中身はともかく改憲をという態度につながっているのではないか。
Abe is part of the government, whose power and authority is defined and limited by the Constitution. He must understand that the Constitution is not the possession of the person who is in power. 安倍首相は憲法によって縛られる側にいる。憲法は、権力者たるあなたのものではない。
The Yomiuri Shimbun China holds key to strictly enforcing sanctions resolution on North Korea 対「北」制裁決議 厳格な履行へカギ握る中国
It is crucial for the international community to stand united and crank up the pressure on North Korea to bring about Pyongyang’s abandonment of its nuclear weapons program. 国際社会が結束して、北朝鮮への圧力を強め、核放棄の実現につなげることが肝要である。
The U.N. Security Council has unanimously adopted a resolution that significantly strengthens sanctions on North Korea in response to its latest defiant nuclear test and launch of a long-range ballistic missile. 核実験と長距離弾道ミサイル発射を強行した北朝鮮に対して、国連安全保障理事会が制裁を大幅に強化する決議を全会一致で採択した。
This is the fifth resolution imposing sanctions on North Korea. While it was unusual that it took nearly two months after the nuclear test to reach an agreement on the resolution, the sanctions are the toughest imposed on North Korea to date. 対北朝鮮制裁決議は５回目だ。核実験実施から２か月近くを要したのは異例だが、これまでにない強力な内容になったと言える。
The resolution obliges states to inspect all cargo going to and from North Korea, rather than limiting inspections to shipments suspected to contain embargoed goods in fields related to Pyongyang’s nuclear and missile development programs. 決議は、北朝鮮に出入りする貨物について、核・ミサイル関連分野などで禁輸品の疑いがある場合に限らず、すべて検査することを各国に義務づけた。
Most noteworthy is that these steps are aimed squarely at revenue sources of the military and the Workers’ Party of Korea — two mainstays of the Kim Jong Un regime. 注目すべきは、金正恩政権の中枢を担う朝鮮労働党や軍の収入源を狙い撃ちした措置である。
The resolution bans, in principle, exports of North Korean mineral resources, including coal and iron ore. It also placed an embargo on aviation fuel, a step aimed at weakening the military. If the sanctions are strictly enforced, we think they will deliver a strong blow to the Kim administration, which has been recklessly pursuing nuclear missile development. 北朝鮮産の石炭や鉄鉱石など鉱物資源の輸出は原則、禁止した。軍の弱体化を狙い、航空用燃料も禁輸とした。制裁が厳格に履行されれば、核ミサイル開発へ暴走する金政権に相当な打撃を与えられるのではないか。
North Korea bristled at moves to adopt the resolution. The official Korean Central News Agency described them as an “infringement on [North Korea’s] sovereignty and [a] grave challenge to it.” 北朝鮮は朝鮮中央通信を通じて、決議採択の動きに対し、「自主権に対する侵害であり、重大な挑戦だ」などと反発している。
Shortly after the resolution was adopted, North Korea fired six projectiles thought to be short-range missiles or rockets into the Sea of Japan. Vigilance must be maintained against further military provocations. 採択直後には、短距離ミサイルかロケット弾とみられる６発を日本海に向けて発射した。さらなる軍事挑発への警戒は怠れまい。
Do not allow loophole
Having China stand front and center is paramount for sharpening the effect of these sanctions. There are suspicions that previously goods were illicitly transported to and from North Korea via China. 制裁の効果を高めるには、中国が前面に立つことが不可欠だ。従来は、中国経由で物資が不正に輸送されている疑いがあった。
The latest sanctions resolution allows, as an exception, the export of North Korean coal and iron ore provided revenue from their sale is spent for civilian purposes. The decision to buy these resources rests with China and other importing nations. This must not become a loophole used to flout the resolution. 今回の制裁決議は、収入が民生用の場合は例外として、北朝鮮産の石炭や鉄鉱石の輸出を認めた。その判断は中国など輸入国に委ねられる。これを抜け道として利用させてはならない。
Discussions on the resolution became protracted because the United States was demanding tough sanctions, which China strongly resisted. 決議を巡る協議は、強力な制裁を求める米国に、中国が強く抵抗し、長期化した。
Chinese President Xi Jinping will visit the United States at the end of March. We wonder if China relented in an attempt to avoid criticism for dragging out the resolution discussions at a time when Washington and Beijing are at odds over the situation in the South China Sea. 習近平国家主席は今月末に訪米する。中国が譲歩したのは、南シナ海情勢で米国と対立する中、制裁協議の引き延ばしへの批判を避けようとしたためではないか。
Russia wanted to make changes to the resolution during the final stage of the discussions. It appears Russia’s intention was to secure some influence in Korean Peninsula affairs. ロシアも協議の最終局面で決議の修正を求めた。朝鮮半島問題での影響力を確保しようという思惑があったのだろう。
Japan, as a nonpermanent member of the Security Council, contributed to the adoption of the resolution. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe emphasized Japan will “work with the international community and rigorously implement [the resolution].” 日本は、安保理非常任理事国として、決議採択に貢献した。安倍首相は「国際社会と協力し、厳格に実施していく」と強調した。
The resolution also mentioned “the humanitarian concerns of the international community” with regard to North Korea. Based on close cooperation among Japan, the United States and South Korea, it is vital that the nuclear and missile problems are linked to seeking progress in resolving the abduction of Japanese nationals by North Korea. 決議は北朝鮮に関し、「国際社会による人道上の懸念」にも言及している。日米韓の連携を基盤に、核、ミサイル問題と連動して、日本人拉致問題の進展を目指すことが欠かせない。
The Yomiuri Shimbun Republican front-runner Trump accelerates a dangerous whirlwind 米大統領選 危うさもはらむトランプ旋風
Voting was held on Super Tuesday, the biggest day of nominating contests for both the Democratic and Republican parties’ candidates in the U.S. presidential election. 米大統領選で、民主党と共和党の指名候補を争うスーパーチューズデーの投票が行われた。
The day marked the climax of the early-stage primaries in which more than 10 states held primary elections and caucuses. In the Republican race, Donald Trump, a real estate tycoon, and in the Democratic race, Hillary Clinton, a former secretary of state, advanced toward securing their parties’ presidential nominations by winning the most states on the day. １０を超える州の予備選と党員集会が集中する序盤戦最大のヤマ場だ。共和党は不動産王のドナルド・トランプ氏、民主党はヒラリー・クリントン前国務長官がそれぞれ多くの州で勝利し、指名獲得に前進した。
In his victory speech, Trump boasted that he has expanded the support base of the Republican Party, referring to “the numbers that we got in terms of extra people coming in. They came from the Democratic Party ... And they were independents.” トランプ氏は勝利宣言で、「民主党員や無党派層がこちら側に来ている」と述べ、支持層が拡大したことを誇示した。
The whirlwind set off by an outsider with no political experience shows no sign of subsiding. Lying behind this development is voters’ anger at “Washington politics,” epitomized by gridlock due to constant partisan conflict. This can also be seen as a manifestation of anti-intellectualism, which is firmly rooted in the United States. 政治経験のないアウトサイダーの旋風は、とどまるところを知らない。党派対立に明け暮れ、物事が決まらない「ワシントン政治」への有権者の怒りが背景にある。米国に根強い「反知性主義」の表れとも言えるだろう。
Trump has proposed that he would build a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border to stop the flow of immigrants, ban all Muslims from entering the United States, and forcibly deport all the illegal immigrants from the country. These radical assertions made by Trump are ones that an established politician cannot afford to make. 「移民の流入を阻止するため、メキシコ国境に壁を築く」「イスラム教徒の入国禁止」「すべての不法移民の強制送還」――。トランプ氏の過激な主張は、既存の政治家には口にできまい。
Novelty appeal
For those people who are angry, feeling their jobs were taken by immigrants, and for those who are hostile to Islam, Trump’s words may strike a chord in their hearts as novel remarks not assimilated into established politics. 移民に職を奪われたと憤り、イスラム教を敵視する人々には、既成政治に染まらない斬新な発言として、心に響くのではないか。
Voters’ hope of entrusting to Trump the task of breaking the current deadlock has begun to spread among a wide range of supporters of the Republican Party. There is even speculation prevailing that Trump is the Republican candidate most likely to win the November election. トランプ氏に閉塞状況の打破を託す思いは、共和党の幅広い支持者に浸透しつつある。「１１月の本選で勝てる可能性が最も大きい候補」との見方も広がってきた。
A matter of concern is that the party has yet to see policy discussions among candidates deepened at debates or other occasions, with Trump’s assertions left largely unexamined in terms of appropriateness and feasibility. 懸念されるのは、討論会などで政策論争が深まらず、トランプ氏の主張の妥当性や実現性がほとんど検証されていないことだ。
Repetition of such simplistic slogans as “We will overwhelm Japan, China and Mexico in trade,” and “We will make America great again,” sounds like nothing but perilous demagoguery. 「日本や中国、メキシコを貿易で打倒する」「偉大な米国を取り戻す」といった単純なスローガンの繰り返しは、危うい大衆扇動そのものではないか。
Among mainstream Republicans, negative voices have arisen about the prospect of Trump winning the party’s presidential nomination. Yet the very gravity of the whole situation lies in the likelihood that such negative opinions would provoke opposition as “interference by establishment elites,” which may actually help expand Trump’s support. 共和党の主流派には、トランプ氏の指名獲得に否定的な声も出ている。だが、それが「既存支配層の介入」と反発を呼び、トランプ支持がむしろ拡大しかねないところに事態の深刻さがある。
At a victory rally, Clinton said, “Instead of building walls we need to be tearing down barriers ... We need to make America whole again.” It seems Clinton is already thinking about having a showdown with Trump. クリントン氏は勝利集会で「壁を築くのではない。取り払うのだ」「米国を再び一つにしよう」と語った。トランプ氏との対決を早くも意識しているのだろう。
Her experience of having been the first lady and a senator are Clinton’s strong point and also her weakness. How those people disgruntled with the “establishment elites” evaluate her will be the key to the campaign. ファーストレディーや上院議員などの経験と実績がクリントン氏の強みであり、弱みだ。「支配層」に不満を持つ人々がどう評価するかが、選挙戦のカギとなる。
It is worrisome that both Trump and Clinton have made clear their opposition to the Trans-Pacific Partnership free trade agreement. The accord, which is aimed at reinvigorating trade in Asia and the Pacific regions, must not be scrapped with the change of president. トランプ、クリントン両氏が、環太平洋経済連携協定（ＴＰＰ）への反対を明言しているのは心配だ。アジア太平洋地域の貿易活性化を目指す協定が、大統領の交代で反故ほごにされてはならない。
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 1 EDITORIAL: Fukushima disaster trial offers chance to reveal TEPCO's organizational woes （社説）原発強制起訴 検証の重要な機会だ
A case concerning responsibility for the disaster at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant will be brought to court. 甚大な被害をもたらした福島第一原発事故の責任が、司法の場で問われることになった。
Three former executives of Tokyo Electric Power Co., operator of the plant, face a trial over the nuclear crisis triggered by the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami in 2011. Court-appointed lawyers serving as prosecutors filed indictments with the Tokyo District Court on Feb. 29 against the three former executives on charges of professional negligence resulting in death and injury. 東京電力の勝俣恒久元会長ら当時の幹部３人がきのう、業務上過失致死傷罪で強制起訴された。
Former TEPCO Chairman Tsunehisa Katsumata, 75, and two former vice presidents are accused of failing to implement sufficient safety measures against tsunami. A number of patients at hospitals in the vicinity of the plant died in the subsequent evacuation and workers were injured at the plant. 事前の津波対策を怠り、原発周辺の入院患者を死亡させたなどと起訴状は指摘している。
The mandatory indictments reflect public criticisms and suspicions concerning the nuclear accident. あの事故を「想定外」で片付け、誰の責任も問わぬままでいいのか。
Many citizens have taken a dim view of the fact that nobody has been held accountable for the nuclear accident, which the company claims was “beyond expectation.” TEPCO’s profit-oriented policy is also believed to be behind the failure to take sufficient safety measures at the plant. 東電は利益優先で原発の安全対策を怠ったのではないか――。そうした市民の疑念を反映した強制起訴である。
Such huge accidents are caused by a complicated confluence of factors. There is inevitably a limit to what the trial of the former TEPCO executives can do in terms of clarifying the whole picture of the disaster. The trial will be focused on the three individuals’ criminal liability for negligence from the viewpoint of the law and evidence. 巨大事故は、さまざまな要因が複雑に絡みあって起きる。絞られた争点で元幹部ら個人の過失責任を「法と証拠」に照らして問う法廷は、全容解明の場としては、おのずと限界がある。
Still, the trial can reveal important facts about the information the former executives had before the accident and the decisions they made in responding to the information. それでも、元幹部が事故前にどんな情報を得ていて、どんな判断をしたかは、これまで十分に明らかになっていない重要なパーツだ。
We also hope the trial will shed light on problems with the organization and corporate culture of a large utility operating many nuclear reactors so that important lessons can be gleaned. 原発を抱える電力会社の組織の在り方や企業風土にも光を当て、教訓がくみ取れる裁判になることを期待する。
After residents and citizens groups filed a criminal complaint, the Tokyo District Public Prosecutors Office decided not to indict the former executives, citing the difficulty in predicting such an accident. この事故では告発を受けた東京地検が「今回のような規模の津波は予見できなかった」と不起訴にしたが、
But a committee for the inquest of prosecution comprising 11 citizens has twice decided that the former TEPCO executives should be prosecuted, triggering the process for forced indictment. １１人の市民からなる検察審査会が２度にわたって「起訴相当」と議決した。
A report on the accident published by TEPCO in 2012 did not make clear who should be held responsible and what kind of lessons should be learned. The document’s descriptions were vague about many key subjects, especially issues regarding TEPCO’s entire organization, such as the company’s advance assumptions about possible tsunami, steps it had taken against the risk, and how the company handled related information during the crisis. １２年に東電が公表した事故報告書は、事前の津波想定とその対応、事故時の情報の扱いなど、組織全体にかかる問題ほど抽象的な記述で、責任や教訓があいまいなままだ。
The Diet-appointed commission tasked with investigating the nuclear accident said the root cause dated back before the disaster. 国会の事故調査委員会（事故調）は「事故の根源的な原因は震災以前に求められる」と指摘した。
But many questions remain unanswered about how the utility dealt with the risks before the accident. だが、東電の事前対応に関してはいまも、不明な部分が多い。
Why didn’t TEPCO take stronger measures against the risk of tsunami even though it had estimated a tsunami of up to 15.7 meters could hit the plant? What was the thinking behind this failure to take such measures? 最大１５・７メートルの津波が襲うとの試算を手にしながら、なぜ十分な備えをしなかったのか。どんな判断が働いたのか。
The government’s investigative committee has interviewed around 770 people and disclosed the testimonies of about 200, who have given their consent. But only about 20 of them are former TEPCO executives and other people linked to the utility. 政府の事故調は約７７０人から聞き取りをし、これまでに同意が得られた約２００人分の調書を公表したが、東電関係者はわずか２０人ほどにとどまる。
We do hope the trial will fill in as many information gaps as possible. 裁判が大きな空白を少しでも埋めるものになってほしい。
The trial should also provide an opportunity to take a closer look at the roles played by the investigative panels. 同時に、事故調の役割も改めて考えたい。
All panels established to look into the accident finished their work in about one year, leaving many stones unturned. いずれの事故調も１年ほどで活動を終え、検証は不十分なままだ。
These panels should scrutinize all relevant factors, including flaws with related organizations, to prevent a recurrence of the disaster. The systems and functions of investigations into nuclear accidents should be expanded and enhanced. 再発防止を目的に関係組織の問題にまで切り込むのが事故調の本来の役割のはずだ。そうした仕組みや機能をもっと充実させるべきだ。
The damaged nuclear reactors that have spewed large amounts of radioactive materials into the environment must be continuously cooled with water. Water contaminated with radioactive substances keeps accumulating at the plant. 放射性物質をまき散らした原子炉は水で冷やし続けねばならず、汚染水が生じている。
Around 100,000 people are still living away from their homes as evacuees. The nuclear accident has still not been brought under control. 今も約１０万の人々が故郷から避難している。事故は今も続いている。
Obviously, more efforts are needed to draw crucial lessons to ensure nightmarish nuclear accidents will never happen again. 二度と繰り返さない教訓を引き出す努力がもっと必要だ。
The Yomiuri Shimbun Uncertainties remain about Russia-led ceasefire to end Syrian civil war シリア情勢 露主導の停戦に不安が残る
The ceasefire brokered by the United States and Russia to end the Syrian civil war has taken effect. Fighting between the administration of President Bashar Assad and antigovernment groups has largely subsided but it remains to be seen whether the truce can be maintained. シリア内戦を巡り、米国とロシアが共に呼びかけた停戦が発効した。アサド政権と反体制派の戦闘は概おおむね沈静化したが、このまま維持できるかどうかは予断を許さない。
Large-scale fighting has been halted temporarily for the first time in the five years since the start of the civil war. The United Nations has announced a plan for peace talks, suspended in early February, to resume next Monday. The ceasefire must be maintained to help promote these talks. ５年に及ぶ内戦で大規模な戦闘が一時停止したのは、初めてである。国連は、２月上旬から中断している和平協議を７日に再開する方針を発表した。停戦を保ち、協議進展につなげねばならない。
The main framework of the ceasefire agreement is for the Assad regime and rebel groups to end their hostilities and accept food and water supplies for citizens from the United Nations and other organizations. The accord also calls for both parties to resume peace talks and discuss how to implement a road map starting with the establishment of a transitional government and leading to an election and formation of a new government. アサド政権と反体制派が攻撃を中止し、国連などによる住民向けの食糧や水を受け入れることが停戦の主な枠組みだ。和平協議に応じ、移行政権樹立から選挙実施、新政権発足までの行程表の履行を話し合うことも含まれる。
The truce does not apply to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militant group, the Al-Qaida-linked Nusra Front and other terrorist organizations. The U.S.-led coalition and Russia are permitted to continue military campaigns against these groups. 過激派組織「イスラム国」や、アル・カーイダ系の「ヌスラ戦線」などのテロ組織には、停戦は適用されない。米国主導の有志連合やロシアは、こうした勢力への軍事作戦を継続できる。
ISIL has stated it will try to thwart the ceasefire by continuing hostilities and terrorist attacks. Resolute responses are needed by the countries concerned. 「イスラム国」は、戦闘やテロを続け、停戦を妨害する構えを示している。関係国の断固とした対処が求められよう。
Ukraine a vexing precedent
One worry is a scenario in which the Assad regime and its ally Russia attack rebel groups under the pretext of wiping out terrorist groups, thereby breaking the truce. 懸念されるのは、アサド政権と、政権を支援するロシアがテロ組織掃討の名目で反体制派を攻撃し、停戦が破られる事態だ。
Before the ceasefire went into effect, air raids were carried out on the rebels’ stronghold in Aleppo on the grounds that Nusra Front fighters “are in the neighborhood.” 停戦前の反体制派拠点アレッポへの空爆も、「ヌスラ戦線兵士が周辺にいる」ことが理由になっていた。
The activities of the Nusra Front and the rebel groups overlap in many areas. Can Russia give a good explanation that it is not attacking the rebels? ヌスラ戦線と反体制派の活動範囲は、重なる場合が多い。ロシアは、反体制派を攻撃していないという十分な説明ができるのか。
The ceasefire will be monitored by U.S., Russian and other working teams, but their operations are limited to information-gathering in areas where Russian troops are stationed and in Jordan, a country adjacent to Syria. 停戦監視は、米露などの作業チームが、シリアの露軍駐屯地や隣国ヨルダンなどで、情報収集を進めるにとどまっている。
The effectiveness of the truce cannot be assured unless an international framework including the United Nations is established to confirm on the spot when the ceasefire is violated and to respond adequately. 国連などが現地で停戦違反を確認し、対応する体制でなければ、実効性は期待できない。
U.S. President Barack Obama revealed his suspicions about Russia over the truce, saying that he was “not under any illusions.” He made this statement likely because of what happened in the Ukrainian conflict. While calling for a ceasefire, Russia continued to provide assistance to pro-Russia armed groups. オバマ米大統領は停戦について、「いかなる幻想も抱いていない」と述べ、ロシアへの不信を露あらわにした。ウクライナ紛争での前例があるからだろう。ロシアは停戦を呼びかける一方で、親露派武装集団への支援を続けた。
The truce this time was reached with Moscow taking the leading role. Russian President Vladimir Putin said, “The true opportunity for ending bloodshed and violence has finally come.” He made this statement likely because he had ascertained that the Assad regime could be kept in place and Russia could secure influence in the Middle East to counter that of the United States. 今回の停戦を主導したのはロシアだ。プーチン大統領は「流血と暴力に終止符を打つ真の機会がようやく訪れた」と語った。アサド政権の温存や、中東で米国に対抗する影響力の確保に、メドがついたという判断からではないか。
The U.S.-Russia struggle for hegemony will only make it more difficult to resolve the conflict. Unless the civil war is ended, ISIL will not be weakened and the outflow of refugees will not be curbed. The international community must not forget this. 米露の覇権争いは、事態収拾を困難にするだけである。内戦が終結しなければ、「イスラム国」の弱体化や難民流出の抑制への道が開かれないことを、国際社会は忘れてはなるまい。
